Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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The knowledge society and the legitimacy of a new ethical codeConclusionCHAPTER 2ARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTS:EXPANDING FREEDOMS AND BUILDING INSTITUTIONSIntroductionThe state of knowledge environments in the Arab world: constraints and pressuresPolitical environments: the paradox of political reform discourse and the decline in freedomsExpanding political participation: the path to knowledge and creativityContinued curbing of public freedomsFreedom of opinion and expression: additional restrictionsArab Media and government hegemonyEconomic environments: towards responsible freedom and a balanced economyMeasuring economic freedomsToward expanding economic freedomsThe oil boom did not foster economic freedom as hopedMedia, cultural, and social environmentsPoverty and social marginalisationTrends towards religious radicalism and intoleranceFreedom of intellectual propertyGlobal debate, Arab absenceRegulating intellectual property in the Arab world: disparity and occasional exaggerationChallenges and opportunities for access to knowledgeOpportunities for creative Arab cooperationSummary: Freedoms: A comprehensive cluster or disparate elements?From nurturing environments to supporting institutionsPioneering institutions and shining examplesLegislation as the way to support institutionalismOn the need for an alternative index: a project in critique and transcendencePeering into the future: Trajectories of the enabling environmentCHAPTER 3EDUCATION AND THE FORMATION OF KNOWLEDGE CAPITALIntroductionThe general state of knowledge as provided through education in the Arab countriesThe need to draw an accurate picture of knowledge capitalMeasuring a society’s knowledge capitalKnowledge capital formation by childrenQuantitative indicatorsQualitative indicatorsTime allocated to school subjects in basic educationQuality of knowledge acquired through basic educationKnowledge capital formation by youthQuantitative dimensionsQualitative IndicatorsGeneral secondary education and the formation of knowledge capital by youthTechnical secondary education and the formation of knowledge capital by youthThe role of higher education in the formation of knowledge capital525459596061616464656768687075757677787981818283848789909797989999101101104104105107107110111111112VII
Quantitative indicatorsTertiary education and the formation of the specialised knowledge capital needed to meetdevelopment needsDistribution of undergraduate and graduate students by disciplineQualifications of graduatesKnowledge capital acquired by adults through educationKnowledge capital required for participation in the knowledge societyQuantitative dimensionsQualitative dimensionsInvesting in the formation of human knowledge capital through educationSpending on educationNational income and the formation of quantitative knowledge capitalNational income and qualitative capital formationEducational reform effortsConclusionCHAPTER 4INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES:THE PILLARS AND TOOLS OF KNOWLEDGEIntroductionICT in the Arab countriesThe spread of computers and the internetThe Arabic language and the internetAnticipated advances in ICTTechnology applications and Arabic digital contentRegulatory frameworksThe ICT sector in the Arab countriesHardware production or assemblyThe software industryICT applications and building the knowledge societyE-government servicesICT and educationE-commerceTechnology applications for healthcareTechnology and social developmentArabic digital content productionArabic language internet content and problematicsTechnological advance and future initiativesConclusionCHAPTER 5ARAB PERFORMANCE IN RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONIntroductionInnovation and the knowledge economyThe correlation between Gross Domestic Product and innovation in the Arab regionDemographics and the challenge of inclusion of youthScience and technology policiesArab initiatives and strategiesThe production and dissemination of scientific knowledge112114114116118121121123123124124126126131143143144144149151153153154154155156156159162163163165167171173181181181183183184185185VIII
Page 1 and 2: United Nations Development Programm
Page 3 and 4: This Report has been produced throu
Page 5 and 6: This year’s report may perhapsbes
Page 7 and 8: ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
Page 9: CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
Page 17 and 18: Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
Page 19 and 20: The knowledgefield and revolutionto
Page 21 and 22: The literature onhuman rights place
Page 23 and 24: Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
Page 25 and 26: Intercommunicationwith the self mea
Page 27 and 28: Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
Page 31 and 32: In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
Page 34 and 35: eversion, in many cases, is not ass
Page 36 and 37: Thus the Arab region in general, an
Page 38 and 39: knowledge over recent years. This w
Page 40 and 41: However, this progress remains limi
Page 42: CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
Page 45 and 46: The successfuldeployment ofthe know
Page 47 and 48: The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
Page 49 and 50: Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
Page 51 and 52: No one pursuesknowledge forits own
Page 53 and 54: The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
Page 55 and 56: The goal of thiscritical review isn
Page 57 and 58: In our bidfor economicand humandeve
Page 59 and 60: The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
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countries and the Arab countries. T
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Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
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of Arabic content and its low rate
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exchange of future technology servi
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of national partnerships aimed at s
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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
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FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
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The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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It has become clearthat the wager o
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Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Theoretically, themore researcherst
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Average expenditureon scientific re
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BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
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BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
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FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
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A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
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Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
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Arab societies arefilled with examp
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Human capitalis among Arabcountries
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TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
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The positiveachievements inthe Arab
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One of the keyfoundations of thevis
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Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
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If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
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The major challengelies in changing
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Deployment is linkedto the creation
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The variousproposals includedin thi
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ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
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EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
Page 328 and 329:
Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
Page 332:
United Nations Development Programm
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