Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countries to adopt e-government applicationsCountryIndex2005Index2008Ranking2005Ranking2008Change in ranking2005, 2008UAE 0.572 0.630 42 32 10Bahrain 0.528 0.572 53 42 11Jordan 0.464 0.548 68 50 18Qatar 0.490 0.531 62 53 9Kuwait 0.443 0.520 75 57 18Saudi Arabia 0.411 0.494 80 70 10Lebanon 0.456 0.484 71 74 -3Egypt 0.379 0.477 99 79 20Oman 0.341 0.469 112 84 28Syria 0.287 0.361 132 119 13Libya .. 0.355 .. 120 ..Algeria 0.324 0.352 123 121 2Tunisia 0.331 0.346 121 124 -3Morocco 0.277 0.294 138 140 -2Iraq 0.333 0.269 118 151 -33Djibouti 0.238 0.228 149 157 -8Sudan 0.237 0.219 150 161 -11Yemen 0.213 0.214 154 164 -10Mauritania 0.172 0.203 164 168 -4Comoros 0.197 0.190 155 170 -15World 0.427 0.451 .. .. ..Source: United Nations, 2008Review of sites thathave been updated tooffer e-governmentservices in the Arabcountries overthe last few yearsreveals that most ofthem remain at theinformational stageTABLE 4-3Readiness to adopt e-goverment applications in some comparable countriesCountryIndex2005Index2008Ranking2005Ranking2008Change in ranking2005, 2008Cyprus 0.587 0.602 37 35 2Turkey 0.496 0.483 60 76 -16Azerbaijan 0.377 0.461 101 89 12Source: United Nations, 2008into groups according to the nature of theservices provided, such as informational,one-way interactive or two-way interactive.The last of these extends to include sitesthat handle financial transactions and sitesthat allow networking with other sites. Areview of sites that have been updated tooffer e-government services in the Arabcountries over the last few years reveals thatmost of them remain at the informationalstage.Table 4-2 presents the values of theindicator that measures the state ofreadiness of the Arab countries to adoptINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES157
FIGURE 4-8Availability of e-government services (2006 values)Availability of e-government services(1-7)5.554.543.532.521.51AlgeriaBahrainEgyptJordanKuwaitMauritaniaMoroccoQatarTunisiaU A ELow income countriesLower middle income countriesWorldSource: World Bank database, Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM). http://info.worldbank.org/etolls/kam2/KAM_page5.asp. on 12 December 2008The advanced nationshave accumulated awealth of knowledgeconnected toe-governmentinitiatives becausemajor consulting firmsin these countriesare planning andimplementinge-governmentinitiatives that revolvearound the prioritiesand requirementsof the citizene-government applications in the years2005 and 2008. 19 The table makes clearthat five GCC countries (the UAE, Bahrain,Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia) lead intheir readiness to adopt e-governmentapplications. Jordan and Lebanon alsooccupy advanced positions in this regard.Figure 4-8 gives indicator values for agroup of Arab countries pertaining toavailability of e-government servicesas used by the World Bank within theKnowledge Assessment Methodology(KAM) framework. 20 It also gives theaverage performance for some selectedgroups of countries. On the basis of thefigure, the Arab countries can be dividedinto three classes. In the first are those thatenjoy a high level of e-government services(the UAE and Qatar). These are followedby a second group (Mauritania, Egypt, andBahrain) that have been able to secure amedium level of these services. The thirdgroup (Kuwait and Algeria) provide lowerlevels of e-government services than thesetwo groups.Figure 4-8 reveals that the average valuefor the second group of Arab countriesapproaches the global average value on theindicator of availability of e-governmentservices. It also makes clear that for theArab countries for which data is availablethe level of e-government services exceedsthat of the countries with average scoreson the HDI and also exceeds the level ofother groups of countries of the world. 21The advanced nations have accumulateda wealth of knowledge connected toe-government initiatives because majorconsulting firms in these countries areplanning and implementing e-governmentinitiatives and are supported by otherinstitutions devoted to research and softwaredevelopment. These initiatives revolvearound the priorities and requirements ofthe citizen. It is essential to build a similarknowledge framework to put governmentservices in the Arab countries on the samelevel as those of other countries of theworld. This will require the acquisition ofknowledge on a number of levels as well158 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
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The literature onhuman rights place
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Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
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Intercommunicationwith the self mea
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Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
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Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
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In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
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eversion, in many cases, is not ass
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Thus the Arab region in general, an
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knowledge over recent years. This w
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However, this progress remains limi
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CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
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The successfuldeployment ofthe know
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The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
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Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
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No one pursuesknowledge forits own
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The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
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The goal of thiscritical review isn
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In our bidfor economicand humandeve
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The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
Page 124 and 125: must possess if they aspire to part
Page 126 and 127: TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
Page 128 and 129: General secondary education andthe
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Page 132 and 133: Available data shows large discrepa
Page 134 and 135: TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
Page 136 and 137: females. According to this data, to
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Page 140 and 141: inroads well beyond their current f
Page 142 and 143: FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
Page 144 and 145: BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
Page 146 and 147: Kuwait, and the worst performers su
Page 148 and 149: emained encumbered by the prevailin
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Page 152 and 153: countries and providing a picture o
Page 154 and 155: information systems. The available
Page 156: 89Finland, for example, whose stude
Page 160 and 161: CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
Page 162 and 163: FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
Page 164 and 165: countries and the Arab countries. T
Page 166 and 167: Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
Page 168 and 169: of Arabic content and its low rate
Page 170 and 171: exchange of future technology servi
Page 172 and 173: of national partnerships aimed at s
Page 176 and 177: as the implementation of programmes
Page 178 and 179: BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
Page 180 and 181: of common principles that guarantee
Page 182 and 183: data from various sources and then
Page 184 and 185: FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
Page 186 and 187: processing and the methods and tool
Page 188 and 189: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
Page 190 and 191: within bounds that do not hinder bu
Page 192 and 193: preservation and the consolidation
Page 194 and 195: 21As a result of the nature of comp
Page 196: CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
Page 201 and 202: The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
Page 203 and 204: It has become clearthat the wager o
Page 205 and 206: Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
Page 207 and 208: Theoretically, themore researcherst
Page 209 and 210: Average expenditureon scientific re
Page 211 and 212: BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
Page 213 and 214: BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
Page 215 and 216: FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
Page 217 and 218: A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
Page 219 and 220: Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
Page 221 and 222: Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
Page 223 and 224: Arab societies arefilled with examp
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Human capitalis among Arabcountries
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TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
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The positiveachievements inthe Arab
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One of the keyfoundations of thevis
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Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
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If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
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The major challengelies in changing
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Deployment is linkedto the creation
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The variousproposals includedin thi
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ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
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EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
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Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
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United Nations Development Programm
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