Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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competition between the internet service providers (ISPs). Egypt is ahead of the remaining Arab states covered bythis report in terms of this fourth indicator. Qatar, Tunisia, and Bahrain also rank high among the world’s stateswith respect to these indicators (see Table c-4).The Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum gives a similar picture of theperformance of the Arab states with respect to a number of other indicators connected to technology and itsuse. As Table c-5 makes clear, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE occupy high positions in the ranking of worldstates, and subsequently the top positions among the Arab states, on the basis of pillars including “TechnologicalReadiness” and “Innovation.” The other Arab states (for which the Report provides data) are ranked lower. Kuwait,Tunisia, Bahrain, and Oman, for example, occupy thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh, and thirty-eighth placerespectively out of the 134 states covered by the report. These are followed by Jordan, Morocco, Syria, and Egyptin positions between forty-eighth (Jordan) and eighty-first (Egypt). The remaining Arab states covered by theGlobal Competitiveness Report – Libya, Algeria, and Mauritania – occupy lower positions in terms of technologicalreadiness, with their positions falling between ninety-first (Libya) and 131 st (Mauritania).To sum up, investigation of the current state of ICT in the Arab countries shows them to be lagging behind theother countries of the world in some respects and keeping up with them in others. Available data also indicates theadvance of some Gulf states over the rest of the Arab states, and over much of the rest of the world. However,the criteria used to measure both the lag and the progress have shortcomings.Table c-1: Classification of the Arab countries according to some indicators of ICT infrastructureArab countriesNumber of computersper thousand ofpopulation 2005Mobile telephonelines per thousand ofpopulation 2006Fixed telephone linesper thousand ofpopulation 2006Algeria 10 630 90Bahrain 180 1220 260Djibouti 20 50 10Egypt 40 240 150Jordan 70 780 110Kuwait 240 940 200Lebanon 100 270 170Mauritania 30 350 10Morocco 20 520 40Oman 50 710 110Qatar 180 1120 280Saudi Arabia 140 830 170Sudan 110 120 20Syria 40 240 170Tunisia 60 720 130UAE 260 1300 310Yemen 20 90 50Source: World Bank database (Knowledge Assessment Methodology/KAM) on 10 June 2009STATISTICAL ANNEX309
Table c-2: Classification of the Arab countries according to internet use, access cost, and bandwidthArab countriesNumber of internet usersper thousand of population2006Price basket for internet(US$ per month)2005International internetbandwidth (bits per person)2005Algeria 70 9.41 4.98Bahrain 210 30.23 579.43Djibouti 10 41.11 56.74Egypt 80 4.97 49.40Jordan 140 11.14 57.94Kuwait 310 22.22 347.87Lebanon 230 10.00 81.08Mauritania 30 54.25 14.66Morocco 200 26.8 235.35Oman 130 14.53 194.39Qatar 350 16.48 953.44Saudi Arabia 200 21.33 33.29Sudan 90 65.51 5.58Syria 80 13.97 0.90Tunisia 130 12.38 74.78UAE 400 13.07 923.20Yemen 10 10.93 0.32Source: World Bank database (Knowledge Assessment Methodology /KAM) on 10 June 2009Table c-3: Ranking of some Arab countries according to Networked Readiness Index (2008/2009)Arab countriesWorld ranking(among 134 countries)Networked ReadinessIndexUAE 27 4.76Qatar 29 4.68Bahrain 37 4.38Tunisia 38 4.34Saudi Arabia 40 4.29Jordan 44 4.19Oman 50 4.08Kuwait 57 3.98Egypt 76 3.76Morocco 86 3.59Syria 94 3.41Libya 101 3.28Algeria 108 3.14Mauritania 109 3.12Source: Website of the World Economic Forum, http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gitr/2009/rankings.pdf on 12 March 2009.310 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
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The literature onhuman rights place
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Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
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Intercommunicationwith the self mea
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Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
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Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
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In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
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eversion, in many cases, is not ass
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Thus the Arab region in general, an
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knowledge over recent years. This w
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However, this progress remains limi
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CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
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The successfuldeployment ofthe know
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The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
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Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
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No one pursuesknowledge forits own
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The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
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The goal of thiscritical review isn
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In our bidfor economicand humandeve
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The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
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countries and the Arab countries. T
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Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
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of Arabic content and its low rate
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exchange of future technology servi
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of national partnerships aimed at s
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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
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FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
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The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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It has become clearthat the wager o
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Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Theoretically, themore researcherst
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Average expenditureon scientific re
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BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
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BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
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FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
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A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
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Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
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Arab societies arefilled with examp
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Human capitalis among Arabcountries
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TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
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The positiveachievements inthe Arab
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One of the keyfoundations of thevis
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Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
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If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
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The major challengelies in changing
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Deployment is linkedto the creation
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The variousproposals includedin thi
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ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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Page 280 and 281: of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Page 288 and 289: STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
Page 290 and 291: Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
Page 292 and 293: KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
Page 294 and 295: Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
Page 296 and 297: EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
Page 298 and 299: Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
Page 300 and 301: Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
Page 302 and 303: Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
Page 304 and 305: Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
Page 306 and 307: Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
Page 308 and 309: Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
Page 310 and 311: Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
Page 312 and 313: Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Page 316 and 317: Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
Page 318 and 319: RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
Page 320 and 321: Table 34: Indicators on research an
Page 322 and 323: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
Page 324 and 325: FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
Page 328 and 329: Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
Page 332: United Nations Development Programm
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