Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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limit knowledge exclusively to the realmof science and technology. The remainingfacets of the definition were presentedin the form of assertions that identifiedthe technological and economic polesas the main reflections of the knowledgesociety. The knowledge society based oninnovation creates its new manifestationsthrough the give and take of technologicaldevelopment and the improvement ofhuman theoretical acuity, and contributesto the goal of expanding human options.In the repertoire of concepts nowcommonly used, “synonymity” has beenreplaced by “interaction,” which betterexpresses the relationship of the termswithin whose framework the discoursesof the knowledge society are organised.A critical attitude was necessary with regardto the positivist quantitative mindsetand the modernisation orientation in itshuman rights and political aspects. Thisattitude allowed us to deconstruct thesetwo positions, uncover their ideologicaldimensions, and scrutinise some of theirparadoxes and contradictions of reality. Themeaning of the concept of the knowledgesociety was expanded by reference tothe requirements of the state of Arabepistemological reality. The axis dealingwith the problematics of the knowledgesociety raised a sample of the mostimportant questions posed, such as thoserelated to identity, language, technology,gender inequality, and challenges to valuesand ethics. It also raised the question ofpolitical participation and democraticreform in the Arab world. We expressedour belief that the reinforcement of thepath to attaining the knowledge societyin the Arab world is inseparable from thetwin demands for a renaissance and forhuman development, which form the longrange goals of this report. Our objectivein the above has been to formulate anArab perception of these topics andproblematics and thus produce a visionthat combines an analysis of the data andindicators with consideration of them inthe light of the complex and compositenature of the knowledge society.The knowledge society will never bebrought into being through the meretransfer of technology or its complacentconsumption, nor will it come aboutthrough acceptance of the status quo andof dependency, or of the unreflectivecommoditization of knowledge. Effectiveand creative involvement can only beattained by building an all-embracingvision of the topic, a vision that doesnot ignore the fact that epistemologicalcommodities and tools, and technologies,repress certain values and create others,and that the progress to which we aspirecalls for a major infusion of knowledge,alertness, and awareness.Passage through the portals ofknowledge—the rite of passage of ourage par excellence—requires of the Arabsthat they complete two steps at one andthe same time: reconciliation with the self,through the diagnosis of its weaknessesand failures, and reconciliation with therest of the world, through a commitmentto learn from its achievements. Both stepscall for considerable daring and courage—qualities that are essential if history is tobe made.Attaining theknowledge societyrequires of theArabs that theycomplete twosteps at one andthe same time:reconciliation withthe self, throughthe diagnosis ofits weaknessesand failures, andreconciliation withthe rest of theworld, througha commitmentto learn from itsachievementsTHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMATICS OF THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY55
End Notes1Epistemic saturation refers to the absence of the lines that set the limits of the connotation of the concept.Early in the process of their formation, concepts emerge in a specific epistemic field in a pre-saturated formby virtue of their novelty and the absence of agreement among their users. Saturation takes place during theprocess of the cumulative use of the concept, and as a result of agreement on its signification among specialistsand practitioners. We must not here associate epistemic saturation with obscurantism and static constancy.Concepts have their own life-spans and forms of crystallization. A signification therefore varies then settlesdown, then becomes a vocabulary item in the knowledge repository within the frame in which it is used.2Michel Cartier, http://www.michelcartier.com and Idris Binsa‘id, background paper for the Report, in Arabic.3Tunis Commitment, Article 23.56 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
Page 21 and 22: The literature onhuman rights place
Page 23 and 24: Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
Page 25 and 26: Intercommunicationwith the self mea
Page 27 and 28: Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
Page 31 and 32: In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
Page 34 and 35: eversion, in many cases, is not ass
Page 36 and 37: Thus the Arab region in general, an
Page 38 and 39: knowledge over recent years. This w
Page 40 and 41: However, this progress remains limi
Page 42: CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
Page 45 and 46: The successfuldeployment ofthe know
Page 47 and 48: The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
Page 49 and 50: Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
Page 51 and 52: No one pursuesknowledge forits own
Page 53 and 54: The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
Page 55 and 56: The goal of thiscritical review isn
Page 57 and 58: In our bidfor economicand humandeve
Page 59 and 60: The political reformproject remains
Page 61 and 62: Globalisation isdependent oninforma
Page 63 and 64: The battle overknowledge in oursoci
Page 65 and 66: The most obviousexample of the gapb
Page 67 and 68: BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
Page 69 and 70: The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
Page 71: Collective humaneffort must bedirec
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
Page 78 and 79: current economic crisis in the autu
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
Page 82 and 83: technology infrastructure, blogs ar
Page 84 and 85: nations continue to occupy their pr
Page 86 and 87: to the third oil boom, which reache
Page 88 and 89: have realised a degree of progress
Page 90 and 91: FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
Page 92 and 93: FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
Page 94 and 95: namely the spread of poverty, socia
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
Page 98 and 99: while some of these nine countries
Page 100 and 101: and political participation. All of
Page 102 and 103: first INTEL computer club; INTELis
Page 104 and 105: from the ages of thirteen to twenty
Page 106 and 107: solutions that allow use of the ava
Page 108 and 109: to this trajectory, a consumer, not
Page 110: specific cases.These flexibilities
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
Page 118 and 119: of the qualitative knowledge capita
Page 120 and 121: TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
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countries and the Arab countries. T
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Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
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of Arabic content and its low rate
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exchange of future technology servi
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of national partnerships aimed at s
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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
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FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
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The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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It has become clearthat the wager o
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Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Theoretically, themore researcherst
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Average expenditureon scientific re
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BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
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BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
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FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
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A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
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Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
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Arab societies arefilled with examp
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Human capitalis among Arabcountries
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TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
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The positiveachievements inthe Arab
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One of the keyfoundations of thevis
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Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
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If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
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The major challengelies in changing
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Deployment is linkedto the creation
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The variousproposals includedin thi
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ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
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EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
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Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
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United Nations Development Programm
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