Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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FIGURE 6-2Priorities for action to build the elements of the knowledge society in the Arab worldEnabling environmentsImmediateactionMedium-termactionLong-termactionInstitution of public freedomsReview of regulations and legislationReview of developmentplans to ensure compatibilityReview of educational policiesReview of general cultural policiesRevival of the Arabic languageAllocation of sustainablefinancial resourcesOn-going assessment of statusof enabling environmentsContinuousContinuousContinuousEstablishment of nurturing institutionsContinuousno longer possible for today’s societies todraw up such plans without reference tothe knowledge gains in various activitiesand practices on the local, regional, orinternational levels.In the medium term, the proposedpriorities are related to educational andcultural policies, and also to institutionsand legislative frameworks. Preparingan environment to make and frame theknowledge society requires a re-examinationof all related policies, including generalcultural policies and existing educationalpolicies. It also calls for a review of thereality of the institutions and legislativeframeworks consistent with efforts aimedat supporting entry into the knowledgesociety. When we know that Arab culturein general is suffering from the dominanceof certain stagnant forms of thought andbased upon perceptual styles ill-suited tothe requirements of the age, the need forplans that take into account the prevailingand dominant cultural reality in the Arabregion becomes apparent. Hence, the needto expand the circles of enlightenment andto form spaces for free thought continuesto call for mechanisms for their diffusionand generalisation within Arab societies.Certainly, this is no easy task. Nevertheless,it is possible to orient the channels,institutions, and platforms that practicecultural work so that they formulate,diffuse, and generalise new intellectualvalues. Educational institutions, forexample, play a central role in this respect.We have, therefore, linked cultural policyto educational policy in our review due tothe profundity of the relationship betweenthem.Preparing organisations, institutions,and laws to support and embrace motiontowards the knowledge society is apriority capable of furnishing the enablingenvironment with frameworks for actionthat are independent of the involvementPreparingorganisations,institutions, andlaws to supportand embracemotion towards theknowledge societyis a priority capableof furnishing theenabling environmentwith frameworksfor action that areindependent ofthe involvementof individuals andcreate accumulationBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY IN THE ARAB WORLD: A VISION AND A PLAN231
If we admit thatlanguage is avehicle–as well as amedium–for cultureand knowledge, thenwe must considerthe development ofthe Arabic languageas of high priorityin the area ofpreparing an enablingenvironment for theknowledge societyWe connectindigenisation withthe principle ofinscribing local,specific, andintrinsic character,so that transferredinformation becomespart of the structureof the society towhich it has beentransferredof individuals and create accumulation.The institutional nature of knowledge actssidelines transient characteristics, and grantsthem the solidity that allows them to gatherand develop successes as they proceed.To the overviews we have mentioned,we can add that regarding the priorityof developing the Arabic language. Thisintersects with both educational andcultural policies. The development of theArabic language and the upgrading of itsformal aspects and grammar has becomean urgent matter, especially in light ofthe upheavals being experienced in theICT field, where an operational languagehas formed that is composed of a setof symbols related to instruments anddevices of the highest precision. This hasled to the creation of a language within thelanguage. It has also led to the wideningof the existing linguistic divide betweenour language and the new forms ofknowledge and their technologies. If weadmit that language is a vehicle–as well asa medium–for culture and knowledge andthat the linguistic actor has the capacityto build an operational language thatproduces knowledge and can share in itscreation, then we must give developmentof the Arabic language high priority in thepreparations for an enabling environmentfor the knowledge society.We add to this the necessity forimmediate, medium, and long term actionin two matters of the utmost priority.The first is related to the allocation ofsustainable financial resources, and thesecond concerns the need for ongoingassessment of the state of the enablingenvironment, and even the state ofknowledge in its various dimensionsand elements. Action in these areaswill enjoy special significance becausefinancial resources are the foundationstone of the plans necessary to allowthe enabling environment to take offand realise success for its programmes.The second point addresses the needfor ongoing review and assessment toreveal the degree of progress in theenabling environment and the degree ofsuccess of the framework provided bythese environments and of building theinstitutions that ensure the transfer andindigenisation of knowledge.ACTION IN THE FIELDOF TRANSFER ANDINDIGENISATION OF THEKNOWLEDGE SOCIETYWe should point out here that the wordindigenisation has a range of synonyms.There are synonyms that employgeographical, agricultural, or psychologicalmetaphors such as transfer, implantation,or absorption. Each of these ascribes tothe signification of indigenisation a specificmeaning, or variety of meanings, whichexpand its general semantics, particularlywhen what is intended, in the context of thepresent Report, is an allusion to material andalso other, symbolic, elements. “Materialelements” here refers to the platforms andtools, while “symbolic elements” refersto pure information transferred from theenvironment where it originated to otherspaces for reproduction.No one should think that the issueis purely mechanical. We connectindigenisation with the principle ofinscribing local, specific, and intrinsiccharacter both during and after the processof indigenisation, so that transferredinformation becomes part of the structureof the society to which it has beentransferred and it does not remain simplya piece of information that has beencopied and is alien to its new environment.Indigenisation is the absorption andtesting of what is transferred. In theproposed strategy, it is a composite andongoing act. It is an act and an activity thatwe assume launches itself immediately andtakes on specific forms over the mediumterm. However, it is not an act that ceaseswhen knowledge assumes a productiveand creative presence within Arab society.Rather, it continues as a realisation ofthe principle of intercommunicationwith the self and with the world. Beforereviewing, therefore, some diachronic232 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
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The literature onhuman rights place
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Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
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Intercommunicationwith the self mea
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Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
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Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
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In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
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eversion, in many cases, is not ass
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Thus the Arab region in general, an
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knowledge over recent years. This w
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However, this progress remains limi
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CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
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The successfuldeployment ofthe know
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The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
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Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
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No one pursuesknowledge forits own
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The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
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The goal of thiscritical review isn
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In our bidfor economicand humandeve
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The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
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countries and the Arab countries. T
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Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
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of Arabic content and its low rate
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exchange of future technology servi
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of national partnerships aimed at s
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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
Page 201 and 202: The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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Page 209 and 210: Average expenditureon scientific re
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Page 213 and 214: BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
Page 215 and 216: FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
Page 217 and 218: A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
Page 219 and 220: Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Page 223 and 224: Arab societies arefilled with examp
Page 225 and 226: Human capitalis among Arabcountries
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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Page 231 and 232: End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
Page 234: CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
Page 237 and 238: The most conspicuousfeature of thek
Page 239 and 240: A review of nationalplans in the Ar
Page 241 and 242: The positiveachievements inthe Arab
Page 243 and 244: One of the keyfoundations of thevis
Page 245 and 246: Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
Page 247: Priorities are subjectto a great de
Page 251 and 252: The major challengelies in changing
Page 253 and 254: Deployment is linkedto the creation
Page 255 and 256: The variousproposals includedin thi
Page 258 and 259: ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
Page 260 and 261: the President of the ICRC Expresses
Page 262 and 263: al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
Page 264 and 265: Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
Page 266: Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
Page 269 and 270: the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
Page 271 and 272: egional and international levels an
Page 274 and 275: ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
Page 276 and 277: indicators that make up the pillar.
Page 278 and 279: countries’ rankings among the cou
Page 280 and 281: of the Arab countries and suffer fr
Page 282 and 283: Freedom House and Heritage Institut
Page 284: Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
Page 288 and 289: STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
Page 290 and 291: Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
Page 292 and 293: KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
Page 294 and 295: Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
Page 296 and 297: EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
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Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
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United Nations Development Programm
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Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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