Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

More documents

Recommendations

Info

indicators that make up the pillar. The KEIis then calculated on the basis of its beingequal to the simple arithmetic mean of theindex values for the four pillars. The valueof each index falls in the range 0-10 andis an expression of the relative positionof a country in comparison with all thecountries whose index is calculated. Onthis basis, the index values of the top 10per cent of countries fall in the range 9-10,the index values of the second highest 10per cent of countries fall in the range 8-9,and so on.INDICATORS AND INDICES OFTHE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMYFOR THE ARAB COUNTRIESData for the indicators of the KnowledgeAssessment Methodology are currentlyavailable with respect to 140 countries,including seventeen Arab countries. Forthe purposes of the present report, data forthe indicators has been made available fortwo other Arab countries, Iraq and Libya,and the data for Sudan is rounded out, tomake a total of nineteen Arab countriesfor which it is possible to calculate theKEI and the indices of its four pillars.The three Arab countries for which theminimum level of data needed to calculatethe indices is not available are Palestine,Somalia, and Comoros. Table A-2 presentsthe KEI values, the index values of itspillars, and the relative position for eachArab country globally. 2divisions within each Arab country, thepresentation of variation with respect toeach Arab country will be limited to thatbetween the indices of the four pillarswithin the country. From the final columnof Table A-2, it is to be noted that, forseven Arab countries (Jordan, Lebanon,Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, Djibouti, andYemen) the index values for these pillarsare close together, with the differencebetween the highest and lowest not beinggreater than 1.2. In contrast, seven otherArab countries (Bahrain, Iraq, Libya,Mauritania, Oman, Sudan, and the UAE)display a relatively large variation, of notless than 2.5, in the index values for thepillars. The reason for this high levelof variation in the case of five of thesecountries goes back to the EconomicIncentive and Institutional Regime pillarwhose index is higher than that of the otherthree pillars with respect to Mauritania andOman, while it is lower than the otherthree with respect to Iraq, Libya, andSudan. Given that each of the four pillarsof knowledge forms an essential elementfor achieving the knowledge economy, itis necessary to achieve a balance betweenthe levels of the pillars within one country,since underdevelopment in one of thepillars forms an obstacle to performanceby the other three pillars of their role inFIGURE A-1The Knowledge Economy Index for the Arab countriesVARIATION IN THEKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYAMONG THE ARAB COUNTRIESAND IN COMPARISON WITHOTHER COUNTRIESVariation in the knowledge economy withregard to the Arab countries is visible onthree main levels: within the individualArab country, among the Arab countries,and between the Arab countries and thecountries of the world. Given the lack ofsufficient data to calculate the KEI at thelevel of the geographic or demographicANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARAB COUNTRIES’ KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY76543210Source: World Bank databas, Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM).UAEKuwaitBahrainQatarJordanOmanSaudi ArabiaLebanonTunisiaEgyptMoroccoLibyaAlgeriaSyriaIraqMauritaniaSudanYemenDjibouti259
the knowledge economy. On this basis,one of the priorities for the developmentof the knowledge economy within eachArab country is to pinpoint its weakestpillar and then work to develop it to closethe gap between the four pillars.Within the Arab region, there isrelatively large variation between the Arabcountries with respect to the KEI. TableA-2 and Figure A-1 indicate that the KEIfor the Arab countries ranges from 6.4 forthe UAE to 1.2 for Djibouti. Thus the ArabTABLE A-3Economic performance and KEI indicators for the Arab countriescompared with the world’s geographic regionsIndicator or indexArabregion *MiddleEast andNorthAfricaAfricaEast Asiaand thePacificEuropeandCentralAsiaThe G7group ofnationsLatinAmericaSouthAsiaWesternEuropeTheWorldNumberof regionshigher thanthe ArabregionOverall economic performanceAnnual GDP growth (%) 5.7 5.1 4.9 5.9 6.9 1.9 3.9 5.5 2.7 4.9 2Human Development Index 0.73 0.76 0.51 0.8 0.8 0.95 0.77 0.6 0.94 0.74 6Economic Incentives andInstitutional RegimeTariff and non-tariff barriers 65 70 68 77 80 84 74 49 85 74 7Regulatory Quality -0.2 -0.1 -0.5 0.4 0.1 1.3 -0.1 -0.4 1.4 0.1 6Rule of Law -0.2 0.1 -0.5 0.3 -0.3 1.4 -0.4 -0.4 1.6 0 4Innovation SystemRoyalty and License Fees Paymentsand Receipts ($ per person)Scientific and Technical JournalArticles per million peoplePatent Applications Granted by theUS PTO per million people1 23 6 258 22 240 15 0 645 127 731 86 6 234 107 591 21 5 634 160 50.3 10.0 0.1 44.6 1.2 146.5 0.9 0.1 77.6 22 6Education and Human ResourcesAdult Literacy (%) 78 80 59 93 98 100 87 60 99 85 6Overall enrolment insecondary education (%)72 79 38 82 91 103 81 51 107 76 6Overall post-secondaryeducation enrolment (%)21 26 5 43 47 63 29 7 62 34 6Information and CommunicationTechnologyTelephones per 1000 people 557 682 174 823 804 1407 596 115 1542 705 6Computers per 1000 people 91 137 36 274 142 585 84 13 492 183 5Internet users per 1000 people 114 152 30 314 207 522 164 29 521 210 6Indices for the pillarsEconomic Incentives andInstitutional Regime3.8 4.6 2.8 5.7 5.4 8.2 4.7 2.7 8.7 5.2 6Innovation System 4.4 6.8 5.3 8.8 6.9 9.9 6.5 7.2 8.7 8.8 8Education and Human Resources 3.4 3.8 1.5 5.3 6.7 8.6 4.3 1.9 8.0 4.4 6Information andCommunication Technology5.1 5.9 2.6 7.0 6.4 8.8 5.3 1.8 8.9 6.5 6Knowledge Economy Index 4.2 5.3 3.0 6.7 6.3 8.9 5.2 3.4 8.6 6.2 6* The Arab region overlaps the Middle East and North Africa region and the Africa region as eighteen Arab countries fall within the Middle East and North Africa region, while the other four Arab countries – Mauritania,Somalia, Sudan, and Comoros – fall within the Africa region.260 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
Page 1 and 2:
United Nations Development Programm
Page 3 and 4:
This Report has been produced throu
Page 5 and 6:
This year’s report may perhapsbes
Page 7 and 8:
ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
Page 9 and 10:
CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
Page 11 and 12:
Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
Page 13 and 14:
LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
Page 17 and 18:
Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
Page 19 and 20:
The knowledgefield and revolutionto
Page 21 and 22:
The literature onhuman rights place
Page 23 and 24:
Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
Page 25 and 26:
Intercommunicationwith the self mea
Page 27 and 28:
Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
Page 29 and 30:
Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
Page 31 and 32:
In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
Page 34 and 35:
eversion, in many cases, is not ass
Page 36 and 37:
Thus the Arab region in general, an
Page 38 and 39:
knowledge over recent years. This w
Page 40 and 41:
However, this progress remains limi
Page 42:
CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
Page 45 and 46:
The successfuldeployment ofthe know
Page 47 and 48:
The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
Page 49 and 50:
Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
Page 51 and 52:
No one pursuesknowledge forits own
Page 53 and 54:
The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
Page 55 and 56:
The goal of thiscritical review isn
Page 57 and 58:
In our bidfor economicand humandeve
Page 59 and 60:
The political reformproject remains
Page 61 and 62:
Globalisation isdependent oninforma
Page 63 and 64:
The battle overknowledge in oursoci
Page 65 and 66:
The most obviousexample of the gapb
Page 67 and 68:
BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
Page 69 and 70:
The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
Page 71 and 72:
Collective humaneffort must bedirec
Page 73 and 74:
End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
Page 76 and 77:
CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
Page 78 and 79:
current economic crisis in the autu
Page 80 and 81:
FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
Page 82 and 83:
technology infrastructure, blogs ar
Page 84 and 85:
nations continue to occupy their pr
Page 86 and 87:
to the third oil boom, which reache
Page 88 and 89:
have realised a degree of progress
Page 90 and 91:
FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
Page 92 and 93:
FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
Page 94 and 95:
namely the spread of poverty, socia
Page 96 and 97:
TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
Page 98 and 99:
while some of these nine countries
Page 100 and 101:
and political participation. All of
Page 102 and 103:
first INTEL computer club; INTELis
Page 104 and 105:
from the ages of thirteen to twenty
Page 106 and 107:
solutions that allow use of the ava
Page 108 and 109:
to this trajectory, a consumer, not
Page 110:
specific cases.These flexibilities
Page 114 and 115:
CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
Page 116 and 117:
FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
Page 118 and 119:
of the qualitative knowledge capita
Page 120 and 121:
TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
Page 122 and 123:
Virtually the only area in which Ar
Page 124 and 125:
must possess if they aspire to part
Page 126 and 127:
TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
Page 128 and 129:
General secondary education andthe
Page 130 and 131:
elatively high enrolment rates of b
Page 132 and 133:
Available data shows large discrepa
Page 134 and 135:
TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
Page 136 and 137:
females. According to this data, to
Page 138 and 139:
show educational accomplishments am
Page 140 and 141:
inroads well beyond their current f
Page 142 and 143:
FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
Page 144 and 145:
BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
Page 146 and 147:
Kuwait, and the worst performers su
Page 148 and 149:
emained encumbered by the prevailin
Page 150 and 151:
eveal the breadth of the gap that c
Page 152 and 153:
countries and providing a picture o
Page 154 and 155:
information systems. The available
Page 156:
89Finland, for example, whose stude
Page 160 and 161:
CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
Page 162 and 163:
FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
Page 164 and 165:
countries and the Arab countries. T
Page 166 and 167:
Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
Page 168 and 169:
of Arabic content and its low rate
Page 170 and 171:
exchange of future technology servi
Page 172 and 173:
of national partnerships aimed at s
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
Page 176 and 177:
as the implementation of programmes
Page 178 and 179:
BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
Page 180 and 181:
of common principles that guarantee
Page 182 and 183:
data from various sources and then
Page 184 and 185:
FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
Page 186 and 187:
processing and the methods and tool
Page 188 and 189:
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
Page 190 and 191:
within bounds that do not hinder bu
Page 192 and 193:
preservation and the consolidation
Page 194 and 195:
21As a result of the nature of comp
Page 196:
CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
Page 199 and 200:
FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
Page 201 and 202:
The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
Page 203 and 204:
It has become clearthat the wager o
Page 205 and 206:
Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
Page 207 and 208:
Theoretically, themore researcherst
Page 209 and 210:
Average expenditureon scientific re
Page 211 and 212:
BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
Page 213 and 214:
BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
Page 215 and 216:
FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
Page 217 and 218:
A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
Page 219 and 220:
Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
Page 221 and 222:
Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
Page 223 and 224:
Arab societies arefilled with examp
Page 225 and 226: Human capitalis among Arabcountries
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
Page 229 and 230: It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
Page 231 and 232: End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
Page 234: CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
Page 237 and 238: The most conspicuousfeature of thek
Page 239 and 240: A review of nationalplans in the Ar
Page 241 and 242: The positiveachievements inthe Arab
Page 243 and 244: One of the keyfoundations of thevis
Page 245 and 246: Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
Page 247 and 248: Priorities are subjectto a great de
Page 249 and 250: If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
Page 251 and 252: The major challengelies in changing
Page 253 and 254: Deployment is linkedto the creation
Page 255 and 256: The variousproposals includedin thi
Page 258 and 259: ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
Page 260 and 261: the President of the ICRC Expresses
Page 262 and 263: al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
Page 264 and 265: Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
Page 266: Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
Page 269 and 270: the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
Page 271 and 272: egional and international levels an
Page 274 and 275: ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
Page 278 and 279: countries’ rankings among the cou
Page 280 and 281: of the Arab countries and suffer fr
Page 282 and 283: Freedom House and Heritage Institut
Page 284: Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
Page 288 and 289: STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
Page 290 and 291: Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
Page 292 and 293: KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
Page 294 and 295: Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
Page 296 and 297: EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
Page 298 and 299: Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
Page 300 and 301: Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
Page 302 and 303: Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
Page 304 and 305: Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
Page 306 and 307: Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
Page 308 and 309: Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
Page 310 and 311: Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
Page 312 and 313: Table 26: Distribution of graduates
Page 314 and 315: Table 28: Estimated educational lev
Page 316 and 317: Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
Page 318 and 319: RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
Page 320 and 321: Table 34: Indicators on research an
Page 322 and 323: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
Page 324 and 325: FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
Page 326 and 327:
competition between the internet se
Page 328 and 329:
Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
Page 332:
United Nations Development Programm
show all

Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?