Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the formation of knowledge capital byyouth (ages 15-24) in Arab countries, 2005 (per cent)CountryALiteracyrateBGrossenrolmentratio in uppersecondaryeducationCGrossenrolmentRatio intertiaryeducation(adjusted * )DRate ofSchool LifeExpectancy(up to 18 ** )Average score(A+B+C+D)/4Libya 99 94 70 72 84Bahrain 100 98 41 78 79Jordan 99 76 50 67 73Lebanon .. 72 58 67 ..Qatar 97 96 24 67 71OccupiedPalestinian99 70 51 .. ..TerritoriesUAE 97 78 29 61 66Kuwait 99 99 24 .. ..Egypt 85 77 44 56 66Tunisia 95 68 38 56 64Oman 98 79 23 44 61Algeria 92 58 26 56 58Saudi Arabia 97 .. 36 44 ..Syria 93 32 19 56 50Iraq .. 32 20 56 ..Yemen 79 40 11 28 40Morocco 74 34 14 33 39Comoros 89 27 3 .. ..Mauritania 66 20 4 22 28Sudan .. 25 8 22 ..Djibouti .. 16 3 .. ..Somalia .. .. .. .. ..Only two Arabcountries largelyensure opportunitiesfor youth to obtainthe advancedknowledge forparticipating in theknowledge society:Libya and BahrainSource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Data Centre; figures in columns C and D and “Average score” were composed by Ramzi Salama, Report core teammember.*As a percentage of the 80 per cent that forms a reasonable goal reached by some industrialised countries.**As a percentage of the eighteen years that constitute the reasonable maximum.four categories in terms of their abilityto ensure advanced knowledge capitalformation in young adults (ages 15 to24): 40A. Two countries largely ensureopportunities for youth to obtain theadvanced knowledge for participatingB.in the knowledge society: Libya andBahrain (79 per cent to 84 per cent);Eight countries ensure a reasonablelevel of opportunity: Jordan, Qatar,the UAE, Egypt, Tunisia, (Lebanon,Palestine, and Kuwait) (64 per cent to73 per cent);EDUCATION AND THE FORMATION OF KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL109
FIGURE 3-390Advanced knowledge capital formation opportunities for Arab youthagainst per capita GDPKnowledge capital formation opportunities for youth(percentage of potential maximum)80706050403020100EgyptSyriaJordanLebanonAlgeriaIraqYemenMoroccoComorosSudan MauritaniaDjiboutiTunisiaLibyaOmanBahrainSaudi ArabiaQatarUAER 2 =0.572KuwaitR 2 =0.7640 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000Per capita GDP in dollarsThere is a consensus,internationally andin the Arab region,that secondaryeducation, whethergeneral or technical,plays a key role inthe formation of theknowledge capitalC. Three countries need to exert additionaleffort to create a critical mass of youthsufficiently equipped to participate inthe knowledge society: Oman, Algeria,and (Saudi Arabia) (50 per cent to 61per cent);D. Nine countries have questionablepotential for ensuring opportunities fora sufficient number of youth to enterthe knowledge society in the foreseeablefuture: Syria, Yemen, Morocco,Mauritania, (Iraq, the Comoros, Sudan,Djibouti, and Somalia) (under 50 percent).Figure 3-3 plots the opportunities foradvanced knowledge capital formationin Arab youth in ratio to per capitaGDP. Again we find a moderately loosecorrelation between the two variables, asevidenced by the distance of some of thecountries located away from the curveof the exponential equation and by themultiple crests of the polynomial equation.Whereas achievements in this area exceedfinancial capacities in Bahrain, Libya,Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and Yemen, thereverse is the case for the majority of poornations, such as Djibouti, Mauritania,Sudan, and Morocco, as well as for themajority of relatively wealthy nations, suchas Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, and theUAE.QUALITATIVE INDICATORSThere is a consensus, internationally and inthe Arab region, that secondary education,whether general or technical, plays a key rolein the formation of the knowledge capitalneeded to progress toward the knowledgesociety. To what extent does secondaryeducation in Arab countries contribute tothe formation of the qualitative cognitionneeded to equip youths to participateeffectively in the knowledge society?110 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
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The literature onhuman rights place
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Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
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Intercommunicationwith the self mea
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Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
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Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
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In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
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eversion, in many cases, is not ass
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Thus the Arab region in general, an
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knowledge over recent years. This w
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However, this progress remains limi
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CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
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The successfuldeployment ofthe know
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The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
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Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
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No one pursuesknowledge forits own
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The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
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The goal of thiscritical review isn
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In our bidfor economicand humandeve
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The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
Page 78 and 79: current economic crisis in the autu
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
Page 82 and 83: technology infrastructure, blogs ar
Page 84 and 85: nations continue to occupy their pr
Page 86 and 87: to the third oil boom, which reache
Page 88 and 89: have realised a degree of progress
Page 90 and 91: FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
Page 92 and 93: FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
Page 94 and 95: namely the spread of poverty, socia
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
Page 98 and 99: while some of these nine countries
Page 100 and 101: and political participation. All of
Page 102 and 103: first INTEL computer club; INTELis
Page 104 and 105: from the ages of thirteen to twenty
Page 106 and 107: solutions that allow use of the ava
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Page 110: specific cases.These flexibilities
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
Page 116 and 117: FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
Page 118 and 119: of the qualitative knowledge capita
Page 120 and 121: TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
Page 122 and 123: Virtually the only area in which Ar
Page 124 and 125: must possess if they aspire to part
Page 128 and 129: General secondary education andthe
Page 130 and 131: elatively high enrolment rates of b
Page 132 and 133: Available data shows large discrepa
Page 134 and 135: TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
Page 136 and 137: females. According to this data, to
Page 138 and 139: show educational accomplishments am
Page 140 and 141: inroads well beyond their current f
Page 142 and 143: FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
Page 144 and 145: BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
Page 146 and 147: Kuwait, and the worst performers su
Page 148 and 149: emained encumbered by the prevailin
Page 150 and 151: eveal the breadth of the gap that c
Page 152 and 153: countries and providing a picture o
Page 154 and 155: information systems. The available
Page 156: 89Finland, for example, whose stude
Page 160 and 161: CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
Page 162 and 163: FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
Page 164 and 165: countries and the Arab countries. T
Page 166 and 167: Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
Page 168 and 169: of Arabic content and its low rate
Page 170 and 171: exchange of future technology servi
Page 172 and 173: of national partnerships aimed at s
Page 174 and 175: TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
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FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
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The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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It has become clearthat the wager o
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Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Theoretically, themore researcherst
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Average expenditureon scientific re
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BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
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BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
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FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
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A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
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Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
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Arab societies arefilled with examp
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Human capitalis among Arabcountries
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TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
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The positiveachievements inthe Arab
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One of the keyfoundations of thevis
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Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
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If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
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The major challengelies in changing
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Deployment is linkedto the creation
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The variousproposals includedin thi
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ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
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EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
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Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
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United Nations Development Programm
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Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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