Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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Arab countries can be ranked in termsof expenditure on scientific research usingthe data shown in Table 5-4 below, whichdemonstrates the following:• Tunisia holds first place among Arabcountries, with spending on researchand development exceeding 1.3 percent of GDP. Morocco follows, with0.75 per cent spent on research anddevelopment thanks to the allocation ofa significant portion of mobile phonerevenue and that of some agriculturaland industrial production sectors tothis end.• The private sector makes a relativelyactive contribution to funding researchin Oman, Tunisia, Qatar, and SaudiArabia, with an indicator ranging from3.5 to 3.9 (with 1 being the lowest and7 the highest.)• In the same context, Qatar, Tunisia,Saudi Arabia, and Oman held firstplace among Arab countries, followedimmediately by the UAE. The rest ofthe Arab countries placed below fiftieth(out of 134 countries).It is worth pointing out the exceptionalArab initiative approved by Qatar inmid-September 2008 that calls for theallocation of 2.8 per cent of the generalbudget to support scientific research (LawNumber 24 of 2008 regarding support andregulation of scientific research).When the average per capita share oftotal expenditure on scientific research iscalculated as a measure of a state’s scientificand technological advancement, the resultsfor the Arab region are disappointingoverall, despite the significant differencesbetween countries. The annual share perArab citizen of expenditure on scientificresearch does not exceed $10, compared tothe Malaysian citizen’s annual share of $33.Record levels are spent in small Europeancountries such as Ireland and Finland,where annual expenditures on scientificresearch per capita reach $575 and $1,304respectively. 13The availability of only modestgovernment funding may lead to theconsideration of alternative sources andTABLE 5-4CountryExpenditure on research in the Arab regionGovernmentPrivate sectorspending as aspendingpercentage of(scale of 1-7)2006 GDP 11Corporatespending onresearch(out of 134 states) 2Oman .. 3.9 44Tunisia 1.3 3.8 38Qatar .. 3.6 35Saudi Arabia .. 3.5 43UAE .. 3.3 50Morocco 0.75 3.2 69Egypt 0.2* 3.1 57Kuwait 0.18 3.1 93Jordan 0.34 3.1 79Algeria .. 2.8 116Syria .. 2.7 115Bahrain .. 2.6 82Libya 0.7* .. 124Lebanon 3 0.2 .. ..Sudan 0.3 .. ..Sources:1World Bank Database, Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM), on 10 June 20082The World Economic Forum, 2008b3The National Council for Scientific Research, Lebanon*COMSTECH, 2007TABLE 5-5Expenditure on research and development andpercentage contributions from private andpublic sectors in comparison countriesSpending on Percentage PercentageCountryresearch and private sector public sectordevelopment contributions contributions(percentage of GDP) (percentage of GDP) (percentage of GDP)Sweden 3.73 2.79 0.94Japan 3.39 2.62 0.77Finland 3.37 2.46 0.91United States 2.61 1.84 0.77Germany 2.53 1.77 0.76France 2.09 1.34 0.75European Union(27 states)1.84 1.11 0.73China 1.42 1.01 0.41Spain 1.20 0.67 0.53Italy 1.09 0.54 0.55Source: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); the European Statistical Service Groups;UNESCO; the National Institute of Scientific Research (Quebec); Science and Technology Observatory, 2007.ARAB PERFORMANCE IN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION193
BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in Every Factory”Production andservice sectors ofArab countriestypically rely onimported, readymadetechnology, onthe basis of turnkeyagreementsThis pioneering project aims to benefit from thewealth of knowledge among academics and tostrengthen the experience of researchers by solvingpractical problems in the industrial sector, creatingopportunities for the formulation of developmentprojects, and strengthening the competitive skillsof small and medium-sized industrial companies.The project selects industrial institutions and thenorganises visits to them by a university professoror researcher, after which a preliminary reportis produced on the technical and administrativeproblems faced by the institutions. The projectsecures the presence of a researcher in eachfactory throughout the academic summer vacationfor at least 10 hours each week. The SupremeSource: Jordan University of Science and Technology http://www.just.edu.jo/fff/intro.htmCouncil of Science and Technology covers 80 percent of the researchers’ costs, and the industrialinstitutions cover the other 20 per cent. The fieldscurrently covered include engineering, businessadministration, agriculture, science, and informationtechnology, though the project is open to any otherfields in which the production sectors may needassistance and will provide them with relevant localexperience. Among the most significant indicators ofthis project’s success is the continued participationof supporting agencies since its launch in 2003.Supporting agencies, convinced of the project’s rolein developing the academic and industrial sectors,have increased in number from four to eleven, whilethe value of support has increased tenfold.Foreign funding maylead to distancingresearchers and theirteams from researchthat is tied to nationalpolicies and prioritiesinvigorate the contributions of the privatesector, whose contributions to scientificresearch have in fact increased recently.However, this increase remains modest,and includes that spent on research anddevelopment within companies. Theprimary reason for this may be thatproduction and service sectors typicallyrely on imported, ready-made technology,on the basis of turn-key agreements.While the World Trade Organisation hasplaced tight restrictions on state support forproduction sectors, spending on researchand development is exempted from theserestrictions.As such, most advanced stateshave approved the allocation of largebudgets for research and development, andhave granted a clear priority to researchprojects that include effective partners inthe production and service sectors. Withinthis context, most industrial states considerspending by production and servicesectors on research and development tobe tax exempt, which creates an additionalincentive for companies to spend in thisfield and thus maintain their competitivestrength in international markets.The reliance of scientific researchcentres on internal resources requires thatthey make efforts–with no guarantee oftheir results–to market their scientific andtechnological services and to offer theirexperience in helping to solve problemsfaced by the industrial, agricultural, andservice sectors in return for financialcompensation. The few research centresaround the world that have been successfulin this approach have not been able tocover more than a small amount of theirannual expenditure. Thus researchers inArab countries strive to obtain foreignfunding for their projects and fail whentheir research falls outside the priorities ofinternational programmes. Typically thetargets set by such programmes are limitedto cooperation and the establishment ofresearch networks among states in theglobal North and South.There is growing interest among mostMediterranean Arab countries in benefitingfrom the significant support offeredby Europe as part of the programmeslaunched through the Barcelona Process.Morocco, Egypt, and Tunisia submittedthe largest number of research proposalsto the call of the European Union’s SixthFramework Programme for Research andTechnological Development (2002-2006)for proposals and received the highestnumber of acceptances. Yet European-Arab scientific partnership remains slowmovingin Palestine, Syria, Lebanon,Jordan, and Algeria (Figure 5-5).Bilateral international support is oftenoffered to fund research centres on thebasis of the political relations between194 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
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The literature onhuman rights place
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Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
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Intercommunicationwith the self mea
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Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
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Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
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In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
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eversion, in many cases, is not ass
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Thus the Arab region in general, an
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knowledge over recent years. This w
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However, this progress remains limi
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CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
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The successfuldeployment ofthe know
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The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
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Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
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No one pursuesknowledge forits own
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The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
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The goal of thiscritical review isn
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In our bidfor economicand humandeve
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The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
Page 160 and 161: CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
Page 162 and 163: FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
Page 164 and 165: countries and the Arab countries. T
Page 166 and 167: Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
Page 168 and 169: of Arabic content and its low rate
Page 170 and 171: exchange of future technology servi
Page 172 and 173: of national partnerships aimed at s
Page 174 and 175: TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
Page 176 and 177: as the implementation of programmes
Page 178 and 179: BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
Page 180 and 181: of common principles that guarantee
Page 182 and 183: data from various sources and then
Page 184 and 185: FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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Page 188 and 189: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
Page 190 and 191: within bounds that do not hinder bu
Page 192 and 193: preservation and the consolidation
Page 194 and 195: 21As a result of the nature of comp
Page 196: CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
Page 201 and 202: The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
Page 203 and 204: It has become clearthat the wager o
Page 205 and 206: Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Page 209: Average expenditureon scientific re
Page 213 and 214: BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
Page 215 and 216: FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
Page 217 and 218: A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
Page 219 and 220: Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
Page 221 and 222: Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
Page 223 and 224: Arab societies arefilled with examp
Page 225 and 226: Human capitalis among Arabcountries
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
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Page 231 and 232: End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
Page 234: CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
Page 237 and 238: The most conspicuousfeature of thek
Page 239 and 240: A review of nationalplans in the Ar
Page 241 and 242: The positiveachievements inthe Arab
Page 243 and 244: One of the keyfoundations of thevis
Page 245 and 246: Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
Page 247 and 248: Priorities are subjectto a great de
Page 249 and 250: If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
Page 251 and 252: The major challengelies in changing
Page 253 and 254: Deployment is linkedto the creation
Page 255 and 256: The variousproposals includedin thi
Page 258 and 259: ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
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EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
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Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
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United Nations Development Programm
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