Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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Partnership with the private sectorThe reality of Arab research centresThe capacity of research centres for innovationThe performance of Arab researchersScience research funding in the Arab worldThe outputs of Arab scientific researchGlobal engagementSocial science policies and artistic innovationSocial science researchThe Arabic language and innovationLiterary and artistic innovationThe innovation gap and its indicators in the current state of Arab knowledgeThe innovation gapFlight of human capitalThe social and economic impact of innovationThe dissemination of knowledge and innovationBoosting Arab research and innovation performanceCHAPTER 6BUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY IN THE ARAB WORLD: A VISION AND A PLANIntroductionThe Arab knowledge gap: deficits and holesThe knowledge gap can be overcomeA proposed vision for building the knowledge societyPrinciples and foundations for movement towards the construction of the knowledge societyin the Arab worldBroadening the scope of freedomPositive interaction with the growing needs of societyOpenness and intercommunicationProposed axes of action for the creation of the knowledge societyThe first axis: the creation of enabling environmentsThe second axis: the transfer and indigenisation of knowledgeThe third axis: deployment of knowledgeAxes and bases: intersection and interactionAspects of action towards building the components of the knowledge societyAction in the area of the enabling environmentAction in the field of transfer and indigenisation of the knowledge societyAction to deploy knowledgeTowards a new mechanism to measure Arab knowledgeThe Arab knowledge indexConclusionREFERENCESANNEX 1. LIST OF BACKGROUND PAPERS (AUTHOR NAME; PAPER TITLE)ANNEX 2. PROJECT FOR A DATABASE ON KNOWLEDGE IN THE ARAB REGIONANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARAB COUNTRIES’ KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY(BASED ON THE METHODOLOGY OF THE WORLD BANK)186186189190192196199201202203204206206207209211212219219219223225225225226227227228228229229230230232235237237238241251253257IX
LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of the Financial Crisis on Development FundingBox 1-1 The Concept of KnowledgeBox 1-2 “Knowledge” in al-Tahanawi’s “The Terminology of the Arts”Box 1-3 A Linguistic Perspective on “Knowledge”Box 1-4 The Power of KnowledgeBox 1-5 Building the Information Society: a global challenge in the new millenniumBox 1-6 Knowledge in an Age of GlobalisationBox 1-7 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity and Local Cultural IdentitiesBox 1-8 Women’s Freedom is a Key to Many DoorsBox 1-9 The Virtual as Interrogation of the ActualBox 1-10 The Genome, a New Triumph for KnowledgeBox 2-1 The Contradictory Nature of Economic Freedom IndicatorsBox 2-2 Towards Productive Intercommunication for Knowledge: Translation in the Age of al-Ma’munBox 2-3 The Legal Framework for the European UnionBox 3-1 The Aims of Education for AllBox 3-2 Oman’s New Plan for EducationBox 3-3 The Growing Numbers of Universities in the Arab RegionBox 3-4 The knowledge students should acquire: the contemporary French approachBox 3-5 Expansion in General and Technical Secondary Education in Bahrain andits Impact on Female EnrolmentBox 3-6 More PhDs Needed as University TeachersBox 3-7 The Educational Level of Saudi ArabiansBox 3-8 The Contribution of Non-Public Schools to Education in the Arab RegionBox 3-9 Human Capital Formation to Meet the Needs of Instruction and PedagogyBox 3-10 The Lebanese Association for Educational Studies: a model for national and pan-Arabnetworking for the development of educational knowledgeBox 4-1 Open Source Software and Educational ContentBox 4-2 Evaluating the Performance of Projects to Network Educational InstitutionsBox 4-3 ICT and Local Development: Examples from Arab countriesBox 4-4 ICT Incubators and Arabic Digital ContentBox 4-5 Arabic Language Processing Systems: machine translation, grammar checking, and searchingBox 4-6 Digital Content in Entertainment and the MediaBox 4-7 Preserving Tradition through DigitalisationBox 5-1 Official Arab Initiatives for Invigorating Research and DevelopmentBox 5-2 A Policy for Science, Technology, and Innovation in LebanonBox 5-3 Expenditure on Research and DevelopmentBox 5-4 Pioneering Arab Innovators in Genetic ScienceBox 5-5 The Ten Commandments for Researchers in Low-income StatesBox 5-6 Jordan’s “A Professor in Every Factory”Box 5-7 The European Growth StrategyBox 5-8 ICARDABox 5-9 Arab Innovators in Architecture and MusicBox 5-10 Knowledge Transfer via Migrant ScientistsBox 5-11 Corporate Funding of Research and DevelopmentBox 6-1 Rationalist Critique and Historical VisionBox 6-2 The Legitimacy of AmbitionBox 6-3 The Indigenisation of ScienceBox 6-4 Scientific Progress and Social Progress1928293034404445485053728588101106108112113114118127128130160161164165168169170184185187191191194195196205208209224227234236X
Page 1 and 2: United Nations Development Programm
Page 3 and 4: This Report has been produced throu
Page 5 and 6: This year’s report may perhapsbes
Page 7 and 8: ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
Page 11: Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
Page 17 and 18: Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
Page 19 and 20: The knowledgefield and revolutionto
Page 21 and 22: The literature onhuman rights place
Page 23 and 24: Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
Page 25 and 26: Intercommunicationwith the self mea
Page 27 and 28: Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
Page 31 and 32: In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
Page 34 and 35: eversion, in many cases, is not ass
Page 36 and 37: Thus the Arab region in general, an
Page 38 and 39: knowledge over recent years. This w
Page 40 and 41: However, this progress remains limi
Page 42: CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
Page 45 and 46: The successfuldeployment ofthe know
Page 47 and 48: The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
Page 49 and 50: Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
Page 51 and 52: No one pursuesknowledge forits own
Page 53 and 54: The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
Page 55 and 56: The goal of thiscritical review isn
Page 57 and 58: In our bidfor economicand humandeve
Page 59 and 60: The political reformproject remains
Page 61 and 62: Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
Page 65 and 66:
The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
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countries and the Arab countries. T
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Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
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of Arabic content and its low rate
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exchange of future technology servi
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of national partnerships aimed at s
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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
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FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
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The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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It has become clearthat the wager o
Page 205 and 206:
Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Theoretically, themore researcherst
Page 209 and 210:
Average expenditureon scientific re
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BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
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BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
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FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
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A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
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Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
Page 223 and 224:
Arab societies arefilled with examp
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Human capitalis among Arabcountries
Page 227 and 228:
TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
Page 229 and 230:
It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
Page 241 and 242:
The positiveachievements inthe Arab
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One of the keyfoundations of thevis
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Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
Page 249 and 250:
If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
Page 251 and 252:
The major challengelies in changing
Page 253 and 254:
Deployment is linkedto the creation
Page 255 and 256:
The variousproposals includedin thi
Page 258 and 259:
ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
Page 264 and 265:
Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
Page 266:
Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
Page 280 and 281:
of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
Page 288 and 289:
STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
Page 292 and 293:
KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
Page 294 and 295:
Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
Page 296 and 297:
EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
Page 300 and 301:
Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
Page 304 and 305:
Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
Page 306 and 307:
Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
Page 310 and 311:
Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
Page 316 and 317:
Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
Page 322 and 323:
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
Page 324 and 325:
FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
Page 326 and 327:
competition between the internet se
Page 328 and 329:
Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
Page 332:
United Nations Development Programm
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