Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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FIGURE 5-5Arab participation in the European Union’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) 14600500400300Number ofprojectsNumber ofcontracts2001000AlgeriaEgyptOccupiedPalestinian TerritoriesJordan Lebanon Morocco Syria TunisiaSource: European Union, Sixth Framework Programme, 2007, www.ec.europa.eu/research/fp6the countries involved. Foreign fundingmay lead to distancing researchers andtheir teams from research that is tiedto national policies and priorities. Thisoften affects the most competent ofresearchers because these are best ableto attract foreign support. Thus theability of the Arab world to benefit fromthe experience and efforts of its mostcompetent scientists is decreasing. Opencompetitionprogrammes of internationalsupport prioritise limited social,developmental, and scientific goals, leadingsome Arab researchers to avoid them,particularly when they address sensitiveissues such as the manifestations of religiousBOX 5-7In early 2008, Europe decided that the greatestchallenge facing its twenty-seven states lay in itsability to transform itself into the most competitiveand dynamic knowledge economy in the worldby 2010. Following a technology setback at thebeginning of the new millennium as a result ofthe gap imposed by the development of internetsystems and the economic ramifications of theUSD exchange rate, the European Union bouncedback and drew up strategies for competitive growthbased on innovation and supported by competenthuman resources. For two decades, Europe hadstriven for economic, environmental, and socialachievement, while goals accumulated, interestsclashed, and the necessary financial resourcesremained unsecured. Since early 2005, policies havefocussed on growth and employment opportunities,and each state has committed to socially acceptablereform programmes. Intense efforts have beenexerted in scientific research and higher education.The European Growth StrategyThe most significant outcomes of thisapproach are represented in the European Union’sSeventh Framework Programme for Research andTechnological Development (for 2007-2013, with abudget of 53.2 billion euro), the European ResearchCouncil (2006), and the establishment of theEuropean Institute of Innovation and Technology.Investment in research and higher education is oneof the primary entrance points for growth in theknowledge economy, and is fundamental to theunified European budget planned for 2012. Amongother approved initiatives is the facilitation of themovement of researchers between Europeanstates (the ERA-NETS Programme), the fundingof transnational research projects, the establishmentof major centres of excellence, and a focus onresearch that directly reflects social needs, such ascontaining climate change, population ageing, andincurable diseases.Source: European Commission, Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes, http://cordis.europa.eu/fp6/dc/index.cfm?fuseaction=UserSite.FP6HomePage, http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/cooperation/home_en.htmlThe ability of theArab world to benefitfrom the experienceand efforts of its mostcompetent scientistsis decreasingARAB PERFORMANCE IN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION195
BOX 5-8For the last three decades, theInternational Center for AgriculturalResearch in the Dry Areas, ICARDA,(Aleppo) has been committed toissues such as agricultural researchdevelopment, open exchange of germplasma and data for use in research,protection of intellectual propertyrights including the local knowledgeof farmers, development of humanresources, sustainable use of naturalresources, and lessening the burdenof poverty in dry areas all over thedeveloping world (Western Asia, NorthAfrica, Central Asia, the Arabian Gulf,and the Horn of Africa). ICARDAreceives most of its private budget fromICARDAthe Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research, CGIAR, anda large number of international andArab funds (totaling forty-one in2007), in addition to direct support forprivate projects. ICARDA is run byan independent board of trustees thatincludes a number of prominent figuresfrom developing and newly developedcountries in addition to a directorgeneral. The centre is distinctive in itsbalancing of resources and spendingand in its annual development, as well asin its high percentage of allocations toresearch projects and its ability to drawsupport as an international authority indry region research the world over.Source: The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/AboutICARDA.htmInternationalCooperation,5%Information,2%Training,1%ResearchSupport, 8%Management,8%Distribution of Budget ItemsUtilisation, 9%ResearchProgrammes67%Source: ICARDA Annual Report, 2007, http://www.icarda.cgiar.org/Publications/AnnualReport/ICARDA_AR2007.pdfThe achievements ofArab institutions areconsidered meagreboth by internationalstandards and bytheir own selfevaluationand thatof their societiesfundamentalism, issues related to minorities,and the development of democracy.In light of the above, researchers are—rightly—asking for increased funding fortheir research, while the public sector,pro-active funding agencies, and privateinstitutions are—again rightly— stipulatinggreater impact and more creative anddependable returns. There is no solutionto this problematic other than buildingclear, programmatic partnerships betweenknowledge-producing institutions andresearchers on the one hand and those whobenefit from their research on the other.The achievements of Arab institutionsare considered meagre both by internationalstandards and by their own self-evaluationand that of their societies. It can be arguedthat this weakness substantiates the claimthat while financial support comprises aprimary component of scientific research, itdoes not guarantee its quality or usefulness.If the funding of research and the capacityto attract additional funding are part ofthe basic enterprise constituting scientificknowledge and inventiveness, they are tiedultimately, at the institutional and humanresources levels, to the assured presence ofthe following:• Scientific research institutions that arecredible and transparent in theiradministration and enjoy good relationshipswith the higher education system andthe economic and social sectors. Theseinstitutions must be actively involved insolving development problems.• The institutions should be administratedby decentralised bodies that includeexperts and figures drawn from varioussectors of society and known for theirdistinction and credibility.• Flexible financial systems must be approvedand must be subject to close monitoring byindependent agencies. This is in additionto systems for accountability, oversight,and on-going evaluation.• The institutions should have the abilityto take initiative and to represent thescientific community at national andinternational events through innovativeprogrammes and projects that havepositive, short-term local impact in thecontext of regional and global scientificconcerns.THE OUTPUTS OF ARABSCIENTIFIC RESEARCHWhile the outputs of research andinnovation are numerous, peer-reviewedpublications and patents are the mostcommon and expressive indicators ofscientific activity. Among the manyglobal databases on the quantity and typeof scientific articles published in peerreviewedjournals the most prominent areFrance’s Pascal (CNRS-INIST) databaseand the Science Citation Index (SCI)database published by the Thomson196 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
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United Nations Development Programm
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This Report has been produced throu
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This year’s report may perhapsbes
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ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
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CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
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Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
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Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
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Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
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The knowledgefield and revolutionto
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The literature onhuman rights place
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Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
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Intercommunicationwith the self mea
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Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
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Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
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In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
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eversion, in many cases, is not ass
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Thus the Arab region in general, an
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knowledge over recent years. This w
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However, this progress remains limi
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CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
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The successfuldeployment ofthe know
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The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
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Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
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No one pursuesknowledge forits own
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The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
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The goal of thiscritical review isn
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In our bidfor economicand humandeve
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The political reformproject remains
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Globalisation isdependent oninforma
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The battle overknowledge in oursoci
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The most obviousexample of the gapb
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BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
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The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
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Collective humaneffort must bedirec
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End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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current economic crisis in the autu
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FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
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technology infrastructure, blogs ar
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nations continue to occupy their pr
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to the third oil boom, which reache
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have realised a degree of progress
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FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
Page 162 and 163: FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
Page 164 and 165: countries and the Arab countries. T
Page 166 and 167: Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
Page 168 and 169: of Arabic content and its low rate
Page 170 and 171: exchange of future technology servi
Page 172 and 173: of national partnerships aimed at s
Page 174 and 175: TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
Page 176 and 177: as the implementation of programmes
Page 178 and 179: BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
Page 180 and 181: of common principles that guarantee
Page 182 and 183: data from various sources and then
Page 184 and 185: FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
Page 186 and 187: processing and the methods and tool
Page 188 and 189: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
Page 190 and 191: within bounds that do not hinder bu
Page 192 and 193: preservation and the consolidation
Page 194 and 195: 21As a result of the nature of comp
Page 196: CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
Page 199 and 200: FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
Page 201 and 202: The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
Page 203 and 204: It has become clearthat the wager o
Page 205 and 206: Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
Page 207 and 208: Theoretically, themore researcherst
Page 209 and 210: Average expenditureon scientific re
Page 211: BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
Page 215 and 216: FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
Page 217 and 218: A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
Page 219 and 220: Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
Page 221 and 222: Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
Page 223 and 224: Arab societies arefilled with examp
Page 225 and 226: Human capitalis among Arabcountries
Page 227 and 228: TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
Page 229 and 230: It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
Page 231 and 232: End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
Page 234: CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
Page 237 and 238: The most conspicuousfeature of thek
Page 239 and 240: A review of nationalplans in the Ar
Page 241 and 242: The positiveachievements inthe Arab
Page 243 and 244: One of the keyfoundations of thevis
Page 245 and 246: Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
Page 247 and 248: Priorities are subjectto a great de
Page 249 and 250: If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
Page 251 and 252: The major challengelies in changing
Page 253 and 254: Deployment is linkedto the creation
Page 255 and 256: The variousproposals includedin thi
Page 258 and 259: ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
Page 260 and 261: the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
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EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
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Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
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Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
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Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
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RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
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competition between the internet se
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Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
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United Nations Development Programm
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