Arab Knowledge Report 2009: Towards Productive

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However, this progress remains limited and does not necessarily reflect a vision focusedon establishment of the knowledge society or improvement of knowledge performance.Arab countries are still exporters of primary resources and importers of highvalue-added products with high knowledge content. There must be a focus on theimpossibility of achieving an Arab knowledge and development renaissance throughreliance solely on improvement in economic freedom–even if the latter is supported byintellectual property rights– given the continuation of the restrictions imposed on otherfreedoms, particularly those of thought and of expression. It is not possible to createArab environments that stimulate knowledge without the existence of an integratedpackage of freedoms. Similarly, any hope of the equitable social distribution of the resultsof development will disappear in the absence of a democratic climate that providespopular oversight and fights corruption.The Report will deal in detail with these issues in order, seeking to draw a clearerpicture of many aspects of knowledge in the Arab region and bring together data that willprepare the way, in the widest possible form, for Arab societies to deal realistically withtheir challenges and deficits. Once they have done so, these societies will be capable ofinvesting their available capacities in achieiving a breakthrough to the world of knowledgeand the establishment of the knowledge society to which they aspire.It is not possibleto create Arabenvironmentsthat stimulateknowledge withoutthe existence of anintegrated packageof freedomsPREAMBLE23
End Notes* Arberry, Arthur J. The Koran Interpreted. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. p.651.1See the section devoted to stagnation in political reform and its effects on enabling environments for knowledge.2This paragraph depends on the statistical update of the Human Development Report 2007-2008, whichgives the latest data available about the Arab region until 2006. It also depends on the data from the HumanDevelopment Report 2003 for comparative purposes (www.hdr.undp.org).3Based on the proportion of the population under the lower national poverty line.4The Arab Food Sovereignty Index has been calculated for fifteen Arab countries. It is divided into the followingbands:4.5>6.0: High food sovereignty;2.5>5: Food sovereignty;1.0>2.5: Low food sovereignty.0>1.0: Extremely low food sovereignty.5Chapter 2 discusses this matter in more detail in terms of its impact on the knowledge society.6The governance indicators are based upon six dimensions: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability andAbsence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law and Control over Corruption.7An independent multi-party commission formed to issue recommendations around the future of British forces inIraq.Source: Jalili, Ismail. “Iraq’s Lost Generation” from the website http://www.brusselstribunal.org/pdf/alJalili170607.pdf8From a speech by the president of the International Committee of the Red Cross upon his return from Darfur inFebruary 2007 (http://www.icrc.org/web/ara/siteara0.nsf/htmlall/sudan-news-210207?opendocument).9The Knowledge Index measures the capacity of a country to produce, indigenise, and diffuse knowledge. It isthe average of a country›s score on the indicators of the three key pillars of knowledge economy (education,innovation, and ICT). See the World Bank website (KAM), http://info.worldbank.org/etools/kam2/KAM_page5.asp.10CIA website, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html, on 13 March 2009.11http://www.nationmaster.com/time.php?stat=int_use-internet-users&country=so- and http://www.worldpress.org/profiles2/Somalia.cfm on 13 March 200912This paragraph relies on the background papers prepared by Fahmi Huwaydi (“Extremism and its Effect on theKnowledge Society”) and Hani Fahs (“Fanaticism as an Obstacle to Knowledge” and “The Arab KnowledgeRenaissance between the Need for Agreement and a Landscape of Division”).13This section is based on a background paper to this report prepared during the first quarter of 2009 by Mahmud‘Abd al-Fadil, “The Ramifications of the World Financial Crisis for Arab Economies and Societies: Losses andOpportunities.”14Adult, here, means a person over fifteen years old.15See Statistical Annex, Table 9.16See Statistical Annex, Table 10.17See Statistical Annex, Table 11.18See Statistical Annex, Table 13.19See Statistical Annex, Table 15.20This is according to the majority of available indicators, including the report of the World Bank on the KnowledgeAssessment Methodology published in 2008. See Chapter 4.21World Bank website, Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM) 2008, http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/kam on25 December 2008.24 ARAB KNOWLEDGE REPORT 2009
Page 1 and 2: United Nations Development Programm
Page 3 and 4: This Report has been produced throu
Page 5 and 6: This year’s report may perhapsbes
Page 7 and 8: ICT in the Arab countries and reinf
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPrelimi
Page 11 and 12: Quantitative indicatorsTertiary edu
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF BOXESBox 1 The Effect of th
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5-7 Published scientific art
Page 17 and 18: Table 21 Time devoted to secondary
Page 19 and 20: The knowledgefield and revolutionto
Page 21 and 22: The literature onhuman rights place
Page 23 and 24: Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
Page 25 and 26: Intercommunicationwith the self mea
Page 27 and 28: Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
Page 31 and 32: In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
Page 34 and 35: eversion, in many cases, is not ass
Page 36 and 37: Thus the Arab region in general, an
Page 38 and 39: knowledge over recent years. This w
Page 42: CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
Page 45 and 46: The successfuldeployment ofthe know
Page 47 and 48: The knowledgerevolution atthe end o
Page 49 and 50: Technology, theeconomy, andsociety,
Page 51 and 52: No one pursuesknowledge forits own
Page 53 and 54: The Report adoptsa concept ofknowle
Page 55 and 56: The goal of thiscritical review isn
Page 57 and 58: In our bidfor economicand humandeve
Page 59 and 60: The political reformproject remains
Page 61 and 62: Globalisation isdependent oninforma
Page 63 and 64: The battle overknowledge in oursoci
Page 65 and 66: The most obviousexample of the gapb
Page 67 and 68: BOX 1-9The Virtual as an Interrogat
Page 69 and 70: The upsurge intechnologicalprowess
Page 71 and 72: Collective humaneffort must bedirec
Page 73 and 74: End Notes1Epistemic saturation refe
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
Page 78 and 79: current economic crisis in the autu
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2-3Perceptions of corruption
Page 82 and 83: technology infrastructure, blogs ar
Page 84 and 85: nations continue to occupy their pr
Page 86 and 87: to the third oil boom, which reache
Page 88 and 89: have realised a degree of progress
Page 90 and 91:
FIGURE 2-8Index of global competiti
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FIGURE 2-10Net exports of manufactu
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namely the spread of poverty, socia
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TABLE 2-2Arab Countries according t
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while some of these nine countries
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and political participation. All of
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first INTEL computer club; INTELis
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from the ages of thirteen to twenty
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solutions that allow use of the ava
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to this trajectory, a consumer, not
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specific cases.These flexibilities
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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FIGURE 3-1Education and human resou
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of the qualitative knowledge capita
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TABLE 3-1CountryOpportunities for b
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Virtually the only area in which Ar
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must possess if they aspire to part
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TABLE 3-2Opportunities for the form
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General secondary education andthe
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elatively high enrolment rates of b
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Available data shows large discrepa
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TABLE 3-3Comparison of overall resu
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females. According to this data, to
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show educational accomplishments am
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inroads well beyond their current f
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FIGURE 3-6aMaths performance of eig
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BOX 3-8The Contribution of Non-Publ
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Kuwait, and the worst performers su
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emained encumbered by the prevailin
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eveal the breadth of the gap that c
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countries and providing a picture o
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information systems. The available
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89Finland, for example, whose stude
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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FIGURE 4-1ICT index values for Arab
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countries and the Arab countries. T
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Arab countries-Egypt, Algeria, Leba
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of Arabic content and its low rate
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exchange of future technology servi
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of national partnerships aimed at s
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TABLE 4-2Readiness of Arab countrie
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as the implementation of programmes
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BOX 4-2Evaluating the Performance o
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of common principles that guarantee
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data from various sources and then
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FIGURE 4-11Paper consumption and in
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processing and the methods and tool
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEAND FUTURE INI
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within bounds that do not hinder bu
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preservation and the consolidation
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21As a result of the nature of comp
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE IN RES
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FIGURE 5-1Innovation system index f
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The extremely lowamounts spentby Ar
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It has become clearthat the wager o
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Joint researchprojects among Arabsc
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Theoretically, themore researcherst
Page 209 and 210:
Average expenditureon scientific re
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BOX 5-6Jordan’s “A Professor in
Page 213 and 214:
BOX 5-8For the last three decades,
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FIGURE 5-7Published scientific arti
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A review of theperiod from 2002to 2
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Social scienceresearch holds aspeci
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Most Arabic-languageperiodicals in
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Arab societies arefilled with examp
Page 225 and 226:
Human capitalis among Arabcountries
Page 227 and 228:
TABLE 5-12Trade in technological pr
Page 229 and 230:
It is ironic thatalthough the Arabw
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End Notes1UNESCO Institute for Stat
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE S
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The most conspicuousfeature of thek
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A review of nationalplans in the Ar
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The positiveachievements inthe Arab
Page 243 and 244:
One of the keyfoundations of thevis
Page 245 and 246:
Freedom andinstitutionalisationare
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Priorities are subjectto a great de
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If we admit thatlanguage is avehicl
Page 251 and 252:
The major challengelies in changing
Page 253 and 254:
Deployment is linkedto the creation
Page 255 and 256:
The variousproposals includedin thi
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ReferencesReferences in Arabic‘Ab
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the President of the ICRC Expresses
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al-Duwal al-‘Arabiyya, UNESCO’s
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Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development asF
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Castells, Manuel. (1998/2001). LaSo
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the Age of Technology).• Binsa‘
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egional and international levels an
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ANNEX 3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARABCOU
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indicators that make up the pillar.
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countries’ rankings among the cou
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of the Arab countries and suffer fr
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Freedom House and Heritage Institut
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Endnotes* This annex was prepared b
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STATISTICAL ANNEXGENERAL INDICATORS
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Table 3: Economic IndicatorsCountry
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KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENTST
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Table 7: Press Freedom Index in the
Page 296 and 297:
EDUCATIONTable 9: Adult literacy ra
Page 298 and 299:
Table 11: Gross enrolment ratios in
Page 300 and 301:
Table 13: Adult illiterate populati
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Table 16: Net and gross enrolment i
Page 304 and 305:
Table 18: Lessons in basic educatio
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Table 20: Literacy rates among youn
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Table 22: Evolution of enrolment ra
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Table 24: Student enrolment rates i
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Table 26: Distribution of graduates
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Table 28: Estimated educational lev
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Table 30: Enrolment rates in non-go
Page 318 and 319:
RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONTable 32: Nu
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Table 34: Indicators on research an
Page 322 and 323:
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHN
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FIGURE b-2Growth in average number
Page 326 and 327:
competition between the internet se
Page 328 and 329:
Table c-4: Ranking of a group of Ar
Page 332:
United Nations Development Programm
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