NIST Technical Note 1337: Characterization of Clocks and Oscillators

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Oy2(T) rv T'"3 (lSy(f) rv faWhite PM ,.. "21Flicker PMWhite FMJJ-t1 2 3a = -J.I'-1Flicker FM -1Mod. O/(T} rv T""Random FM -2WalkFlicker FM -3WalkFigure 2. A plot of the relationship between the frequency-domain power-lawspectral-density exponent Q and the time-domain two-sample Allan varianceexponent p (0 = -p-I, -2 ~ p < 2 and Q ~ 1 for p = -2), Also shown is thesimilar relationship between 0 and the modified Allan variance with exponenton r of p' (0 = -p'-I, -4 ~ p' < 2), The pointing arrows indicate the mualpharelationship (0 vs. p or ~') for which the particular variance applies.14TN·309
-2,THE BIAS FUNCTION, 8 2 (r,p.)Figure 3.A three dimensional plot of the bias function B2(r,~), wherer = T/r, and the dead time is T - T. The "fin" at r = 1 and ~ = -2 approacheszero width as the measurement bandwidth approaches infinity (see appendix ref.[3]) .15TN-3i0
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Characterization ofClocks and Oscil
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PREFACEFor many years following its
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0 • • • • • • • •
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0 •• 0 •• 0 •• 0 •
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TOPICAL INDEX TO ALL PAPERSThe foll
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of the wide range of measurement si
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The first of these (D.l) by Lesage
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Table 1. Guide to Selection of Meas
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10- 1410- 15c-een10- 1610- 1710- 18
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Table 2. Ratio of mod a~('r) to a~(
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of the frequency measured in this m
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From: Proceedings of the 35th Annua
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where V0 ;: nomi na I peak vo Itage
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ports of the pair of double balance
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fluctuations prior to the bias box
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up an interesting hierarchy of kind
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is determi ned by the measurement s
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Since each average of the fractiona
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Thus. with 9~ probability the calcu
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in fact. Also for n=l the "experime
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1n tenns of the typical performance
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and eq (1.1) we get2m>(t) = ~T(t) =
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varactor control in th@ reference o
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V nn5(45 Hz) = 100 nV por root hort
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We can use the convolution theorem
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though the concept of harmonics in
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and wz(t) is now the si!npled versi
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10.7 Time Domain-Frequency Domain T
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o/(t). In the table, the left colum
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Weean make the following general re
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-flO• r.1OSP1 t(f2-,~ 1Ci~-/'10 f
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frequency extent of the analysis ba
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28. P. Kartaschoff and J. Barnes, "
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_--_._~--~II..gIIIIII1.......oIIIII
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From: Precision FrequenC)' Control,
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12 FREQUENCY AND TIME MEASUREMENT 1
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12 FREQUENCY AND TIME MEASUREMENT19
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12 FREQUENCY AND TIME MEASUREMENT 2
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12 FREOU::NCY AND TIME MEASUREMENT2
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12 FREQUENCY AND TIME MEASUREMENTI~
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12 FREOUENCV AND TIME MEASUREMENT21
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228 SAMUEL R. STEIN9.3 GHzOSCILLATO
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230 SAMUEL R. STEINThe combination
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232 SAMUEl R STEINHowever, the spec
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400 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESAllan. D.
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402 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESBaugh. R.
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404 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESConway. A
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406 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESGardner.
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408 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESJackisch.
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410 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESlesage. P
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412 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESPaul. F.
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414 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESSorden. J
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416 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIESYoshimura
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648IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS
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650 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONIC
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652 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONIC
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS. F
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Powet spectral analysis of the outp
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major difficulty is designing a mix
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The phase noise in the source can c
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detail elsewhere [12]. The low pass
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NJ:",--0~.8~..(/)-110-1:20-130-140m
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is ~he preferred measure, since, un
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2. Copy.r,ion Beeween Frequency and
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All.n, D. Y., .nd D...s, H., Picose
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105Characterization of Frequency St
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B'R:sES et ai.: ClHR.,CTY.RIZHIO:-r
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e4.RNES et al.: CH."R.ACTERrZ.4.TIO
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MII.NES et al.. CHAIl.ACfERlZATlO:-
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:l frequcllcy ~eparatioll froll1 th
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MRNES et al.: CHARACTERIZATION OF F
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B\R~f:S eL al.: CIHRACTERIZ.,TIOI<
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8IR:-IES et al.: CH.'R.'CTER[Z.
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142 Rep. 580--2Reprinted, with perm
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i44 Rep. 580-2If the initial sampli
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146 Rep. 580-2The values of ha are
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148 Rep. SSO-2TABLE II - Translalio
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ISO Rep. 580-2, 738-2BIBLIOGRAPHYAL
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522 LESAGE AND AUDOIN01., 1971J:S,I
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524 LESAGE AND AUDOINKl- 1410- 11 \
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526LESAGE AND AUDOINQuartz ClJstalF
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528 LESAGE AND AUDOINMinrFrequent,r
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530 LESAGE AND AUOOINsuch as c:r;(T
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532 LESAGE AND AUDOINl.l-TEquations
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534 LESAGE AND AUDOINof measurement
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LESAGE AND AUDOIN2 - Vo )]53610- 1
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538 LESAGE AND AUWINstability measu
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Copyright Ie) 1984 Academic Press.
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7. PHASE NOISE AND AM NOISE MEASURE
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7. PHASE ~OISE AND AM NOISE MEASURE
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7. PHASE :'-iOrSE AND AM NOISE MEAS
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or, in rms radians,7. PHASE !'rOISE
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i. PHASE :-JOISE AND AM NOISE MEASU
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7. PHASE ~OISE AND AM NOISE MEASVRE
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7. PHASE NOISE AND AM :>lOISE MEASU
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_~ ~A _7. PHASE NOISE AND AM NOISE
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average frequency over the interval
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and frequency stability of precisio
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PHASE P~OT Clook No. ~- e I"d,....
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BL-\5ES .-\.\D \·A.Rl.-\.\CES OF S
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to a g
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while the Hanning ""!Odo"" yIelds1.
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Proc. 35th Ann. Freq. Control Sympo
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N-3n+lEj=1Mod Oy2 (t) =0 2(t) {.! +
Page 267 and 268: (a)1SIMULATED NOISE(b)1-10- 2- --10
Page 269 and 270: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATlO
Page 271 and 272: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUYlENTATI
Page 273 and 274: From: Proceedings of the 15th Annua
Page 275 and 276: where c = Dr/2. In regression analy
Page 277 and 278: '" Dr 22 = -7.507E-16 (about -6.5E-
Page 279 and 280: Coefficient of simple determination
Page 281 and 282: 100%CUMULATIVE PERIODOGRAM ~50%(,
Page 283 and 284: 100%CUMULATIVE PER I ODOGRAM50%U'10
Page 285 and 286: TABLE 6.STANDARD DEVIATIONSPROCEDUR
Page 287 and 288: APPENDIX AREGRESSION ANALYSIS(Equal
Page 289 and 290: andG == N (N - 1) (N - 2)Also, the
Page 291 and 292: APPENDIX BREGRESSIONS ON LINEAR AND
Page 293 and 294: REFERENCES1. D.W. Allan, "The Measu
Page 295 and 296: 5.12 )( 10 - 7 SEC
Page 297 and 298: 100%CUMULATIVE PERIODOGRAM -50%U'
Page 299 and 300: 100%CUMULATIVE PERIODOGRAM50%(J'l..
Page 301 and 302: FREQUENCY DRIFT AND WHITESTANDARD D
Page 303 and 304: MR. McCASKILL:Well, let me go furth
Page 305 and 306: NIST Technical Note 1318, 1990.VARI
Page 307 and 308: By definition, white noise has a po
Page 309 and 310: where aZ(N,T,r) is the expected sam
Page 311 and 312: Some useful asymptotic forms of B 3
Page 313 and 314: Since the time-domain definition fo
Page 315 and 316: Stability Using Non-zero Dead-Time
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Page 321 and 322: AppendixWith reference to figure 1,
Page 323 and 324: 8lIN,r,lll) for r = .011\1\ N= ~ 81
Page 325 and 326: BUN,r,IItJI for r =/tl\ !'I= 8 16 3
Page 327 and 328: 81 (N,r,lIUl for r =ItJ \ IF 4 8 16
Page 329 and 330: __ ....... ~...........__ .........
Page 331 and 332: BllN,r,kl) for r = 1024It! \ N= 4 B
Page 333 and 334: B2(r,llU)It! \ r = .0001 .0003 .001
Page 335 and 336: B3( 2, P1,I", IIU) far r '" .01~\ ~
Page 337 and 338: 83(2,I'f,r,~)for r '"""'III \ 2 4 B
Page 339 and 340: B312.I'I,r,llU) for r " 4I\J \ pt::
Page 341 and 342: B3(2,I'I,r,lIJ) Fer r ~ MI\J\ PI::
Page 343 and 344: B3(2,"',r,ail for r = 1024MIl \ I'l
Page 345 and 346: E. APPENDIX - Notes and ErrataThe n
Page 347 and 348: Influence of Pressure and Humidity
Page 349 and 350: 22. page TN-160In eqs (101), (102),
Page 351 and 352: 29. page TN-180If the ratio of T/ T
Page 354: NIST-114A(REV. 3-89)4. TITLE AND SU
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NIST Technical Note 1337: Characterization of Clocks and Oscillators

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