NIST Technical Note 1337: Characterization of Clocks and Oscillators

+=;'- >.2cQ)~;:,(/)t-'0- roQ)~___ L'_YII, I-t ,_TO I'11 It+-f' o~Illustrations with M =4Distributed Dead Time = 4 • (To -TO),--..J- 1I I II II I II ,II I II I II 'IIIIII I I't-...L - - T -+,I I II I I II I I II I I II I I I/Yi+M-------1I " 'I " " ,. " " II II ... t, ITWO AVERAGES WITH FOUR MEASUREMENTSEACH FROM A SET WITH DEAD TIMEFigure 4. An illustration of determining two averages, each taken over four measurements. In this~ illustration the original data have a sample time r o and a dead time To - roo The two averages each have aIW...... distributed sample time 4ro = r, and a distributed dead time 4(To - To) = T - r, since in this case M : 4 .......These two averages are two of a set similar averages with distributed sample times and dead times needed tocalculate a two-sample distributed sample-time and dead-time variance -- the numerator for the bias functionB 3 • The denominator for B 3 is a two-sample variance with no distributed sample time or dead time but with T =MToand T : Mroand dead time T - T.