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78 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Figure 1.20 Young firms use the internet more intensively in high-income countries—old firms, in low-income countries, 2010–14 a. High-income OECD countries b. Low-income countries 50 45 Youngest Oldest 18 16 Oldest Percent 40 35 30 25 20 15 Percent 14 12 10 8 6 Youngest 10 4 5 2 0 Online buying Online selling Online research Source: Hussain (2015) based on World Bank Enterprise Surveys, various years. Data at http://bit.do/WDR2016-Fig1_20. Note: OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Online buying Years in operation
ACCELERATING GROWTH 79 Figure 1.22 Firms in Mexico facing higher import competition from China use more ICTs more productively percentage-point change, 2008–12 7 6 a. Firms’ use of ICTs b. Percentage change in productivity associated with 1 standard deviation change in ICT measure with 1 standard deviation change in ICT measure 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 Computers per worker 9.6 27.2 Percent Share of labor using the internet 6.0 18.0 –3 Share of labor using the internet Change in number of computers per worker Share of e-commerce purchases to total purchases e-commerce purchases/ total purchases –9.9 Low competition 10.2 High competition Low Chinese competition High Chinese competition Not statistically significant Source: Iacovone, Pereira-Lopez, and Schiffbauer 2015. Data at http://bit.do/WDR2016-Fig1_22. Note: Chinese competition is measured as the change in the share of China in Mexico’s imports in the period 2000–08. The two groups depicted in these figures are defined as below the median (low competition) and above the median (high competition). The Mexico ICT survey, ENTIC, represents over 52,000 manufacturing and services firms with at least 10 employees. ICT = information and communication technology. e-commerce systems. They are also more likely to move to more complete e-commerce systems—providing an online order and integrating payment system on their website—when they face more competitive pressure. 71 Consistent with these findings, aggregate sector and country data suggest a negative correlation between regulatory barriers to product market competition and firms’ investments in digital technologies. More restrictive product market regulations on firm entry in service sectors are associated with lower ICT use (figure 1.23, panel a). The negative relation prevails when comparing restrictions to domestic or foreign entry in individual service sectors with firms’ internet use in these sectors across countries. Professional service firms in Europe—for architecture, design, consulting, legal, and accounting—are less likely to sell their services online in countries that have higher barriers to entry in these sectors. Transport service firms are less likely to purchase cloud computing services, such as CRM software, over the internet in European countries that have higher regulatory barriers for foreign firms to enter. Domestic retail firms are less likely to use the internet for online sales if they operate in countries with higher entry barriers for foreign retailers. The same is true for manufacturing firms: higher nontariff barriers to trade are associated with lower ICT use in manufacturing (figure 1.23, panel b). 72 Firms’ internet use varies with barriers to competition across sectors in the same country. The Philippine retail sector has substantial restrictions to domestic and foreign entry and is dominated by a few incumbent firms, while few firms use ICTs. Foreign retailers that aim to establish a commercial presence need to pass prequalification procedures, meet minimum capital requirements, meet limitations to foreign equity participation, and have the majority of the board of directors be Filipinos. Only about 20 percent of retail firms (with at least five employees) sell online in the Philippines. 73 By contrast, the Philippine business process outsourcing sector is characterized by high entry rates and few regulatory barriers to competition. It is intensive in ICT-related services such as software development, animation, contact centers, and transcription. These ICT-specific services experienced high productivity growth in recent years and provided about 1.2 million jobs in 2015. Similarly, Nigeria’s retail sector, Indonesia’s banking sector, and India’s and Bulgaria’s ICT sectors are more internet intensive and have fewer regulatory barriers to competition in otherwise difficult business environments.
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A World Bank Group Flagship Report
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Contents xiii xv xix Foreword Ackno
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CONTENTS vii Boxes O.1 5 Frequently
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CONTENTS ix O.24 35 Digital safegua
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CONTENTS xi B3.8.1 178 Autocratic g
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Foreword We find ourselves in the m
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Acknowledgments This Report was pre
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii Karl Chua, Mas
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xx ABBREVIATIONS GDP GIS GNI GPS GS
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xxii ABBREVIATIONS BFA Burkina Faso
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Inclusion Efficiency Innovation
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OVERVIEW 3 Figure O.1 Digital techn
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OVERVIEW 5 Box O.1 Frequently asked
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OVERVIEW 7 Map O.1 The internet is
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OVERVIEW 9 Figure O.6 The digital d
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OVERVIEW 11 This mechanism operates
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OVERVIEW 13 Figure O.10 The size of
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OVERVIEW 15 Box O.3 Bridging the di
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OVERVIEW 17 sector is thus challeng
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OVERVIEW 19 skills that help them b
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OVERVIEW 21 Figure O.15 Labor share
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OVERVIEW 23 Figure O.18 From a tech
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OVERVIEW 25 governments and citizen
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CHAPTER 3 Delivering services Have
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e-HEALTH 191 Figure F3.1 Sequencing
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4. Sectoral policies 5. National pr
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SECTORAL POLICIES 201 Box 4.1 Polic
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SECTORAL POLICIES 205 is independen
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SECTORAL POLICIES 209 role for the
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SECTORAL POLICIES 211 subscriptions
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SECTORAL POLICIES 213 Box 4.5 The l
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SECTORAL POLICIES 215 Box 4.6 Guate
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SECTORAL POLICIES 217 Figure 4.1 Pr
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SECTORAL POLICIES 219 Box 4.7 How b
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SECTORAL POLICIES 221 mandating tha
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SECTORAL POLICIES 223 the internet
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SECTORAL POLICIES 225 Protecting pe
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SECTORAL POLICIES 227 grown since t
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SECTORAL POLICIES 229 Box 4.9 Tech
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SECTORAL POLICIES 231 Box 4.10 Isra
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SECTORAL POLICIES 233 US$74 million
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SECTORAL POLICIES 235 has been clas
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SECTORAL POLICIES 237 Kende, Michae
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242 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 i
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THE DATA REVOLUTION 245 Figure S5.1
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THE DATA REVOLUTION 247 A journalis
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 249 • Rising
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 251 schools, ho
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 253 Figure 5.3
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 261 Box 5.3 The
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 263 Box 5.5 Kha
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 265 Box 5.7 Eme
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 267 Box 5.8 Bui
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 269 Box 5.9 Bui
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 271 • Explore
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 275 identify gh
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 281 experiences
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 283 dence.” N
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 285 Kremer, Mic
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 323 Map F6
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