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318 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 many cases, the sale of digital goods across borders is blocked by geographically limited IP regimes. This applies to other digital goods like e-books and videos. Instead, one should think about these cross-border transactions as transactions between firms in different countries for the license to sell the content. See Nicholson and Noonan (2014) for a discussion. 18. Mandel 2013. 19. Bauer and others 2014. 20. Bauer and others (2014) calculate the percentage changes to GDP, investment, and total exports as a result of the proposed legislation in a Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. The effects of the data regulations are included in the model as an increase in business costs, an increase in costs for data-driven services trade, a decrease in investments, and a decrease in the effectiveness of data-related research and development. 21. National Board of Trade 2015. 22. For example, in October 2015, the European Court of Justice declared invalid the EU-U.S. “safe harbor” rules regulating internet firms’ retention of Europeans’ data in the United States. An ongoing case between Microsoft and the U.S. Department of Justice seeks to clarify whether U.S. government agencies can access e-mail messages stored in Microsoft servers in Europe. 23. For example, the EU’s Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs) require firms to set up internal company policies and appoint personnel to handle cross-border data transfers. These firms must go through a certification process overseen by a data protection office, which involves audits and company visits. As of May 2015, only 66 companies had obtained BCRs, and most of them are large multinational companies. 24. IATA 2015. 25. A study by Aguiar and Martens (2013) finds that illegal music downloads do not displace legal music sales. The individuals in the study would not have purchased the music they downloaded illegally if it was not available on the illegal downloading website. 26. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and Mejer 2010. 27. See Easterly 2006, 2014; Andrews, Pritchett, and Woolcock 2013; Ramalingam 2013; Whittle 2013; Booth and Unsworth 2014. 28. Andrews, Pritchett, and Woolcock 2013; Whittle 2013. 29. The correlation shown in figure 6.8 could potentially have a spurious component, if the ex post M&E rating influences the outcome rating. However, the correlation holds when the independent M&E rating is related to the self-rating of outcome. Moreover, a review of 195 in-depth project evaluations looked at positive and negative mentions of the specific roles of problem-solving, frequency of supervisory visits, and M&E design quality. It found them to be highly associated, in magnitude and statistical significance, with better and worse project outcomes. 30. OECD 2014a. 31. IEG 2011. 32. OECD 2014a, 22. 33. Lobell, Cassman, and Field 2009. 34. Nakasone, Torero, and Minten 2014. 35. Nakasone 2013. 36. World Bank 2015. 37. Ali, Deininger, and Goldstein 2014. 38. Assunção, Gandour, and Rocha 2013; Assunção and others 2013. 39. Government of Brazil 2015. 40. See UN 2013. 41. del Granado, Coady, and Gillingham 2012. 42. Devarajan 2013. 43. Espey 2015. 44. Espey 2015. 45. Hallegatte 2012. 46. Rogers and Tsirkunov 2013. 47. Rogers and Tsirkunov 2013. 48. See http://www.globalforestwatch.org. 49. Ranger, Chandler, and Arscott 2015. 50. Demombynes and Sandefur 2014. 51. Aid Transparency Index 2014. http://ati.publish whatyoufund.org/findingapproaches-to-publishing -results-information/. References Abelson, Brian, Kush R. Varshney, and Joy Sun. 2014. “Targeting Direct Cash Transfers to the Extremely Poor.” Paper presented at the 20th Association for Computing Machinery’s Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining’s International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, New York City, August 24–27. Aguiar, Luis, and Bertin Martens. 2013. “Digital Music Consumption on the Internet: Evidence from Clickstream Data.” Working Paper 2013/04, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Digital Economy, Seville, Spain. Ali, Daniel Ayalew, Klaus Deininger, and Markus Goldstein. 2014. “Environmental and Gender Impacts of Land Tenure Regularization in Africa: Pilot Evidence from Rwanda.” Journal of Development Economics 110: 262–75. Andrews, Matt, Lant Pritchett, and Michael Woolcock. 2013. “Escaping Capability Traps through Problem- Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA).” World Development 51: 234–44. Assunção, Juliano, Clarissa Gandour, and Romero Rocha. 2013. “DETERring Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Environmental Monitoring and Law Enforcement.” Technical report, Climate Policy Initiative, PUC-Rio. Assunção, Juliano, Clarissa Gandour, Romero Rocha, and Rudi Rocha. 2013. “Does Credit Affect Deforestation? Evidence from a Rural Credit Policy in the Brazilian
GLOBAL COOPERATION 319 Amazon.” Technical report, Climate Policy Initiative, PUC-Rio. Bauer, Johannes, and Bill Dutton. 2015. “Addressing the Cybersecurity Paradox: Economic and Cultural Challenges to an Open and Global Internet.” Background paper for the World Development Report 2016, World Bank, Washington, DC. Bauer, Matthias, Hosuk Lee-Makiyama, Erik Van der Marcel, and Bert Verschelde. 2014. “The Costs of Data Localization: Friendly Fire on Economic Recovery.” ECIPE Occasional Paper 3/2014, European Centre for International Political Economy, Brussels. Booth, David, and Sue Unsworth. 2014. “Politically Smart, Locally Led Development.” Discussion paper, Overseas Development Institute, London. Brazil, Government of. 2015. “Cadastro ambiental rural: Boletim informativo Setembro de 2015.” http://www .florestal.gov.br/download-document/2739-boletim -informativo-setembro-de-2015. CIGI (Centre for International Governance Innovation), and Ipsos. 2014. “Global Survey on Internet Security and Trust.” https://www.cigionline.org /internet-survey. del Granado, Francisco Javier Arze, David Coady, and Robert Gillingham. 2012. “The Unequal Benefits of Fuel Subsidies: A Review of Evidence for Developing Countries.” World Development 40 (11): 2234–48. Demombynes, G., and J. Sandefur. 2014. “Costing a Data Revolution.” Working Paper 383, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC. Devarajan, Shantayanan. 2013. “Africa’s Statistical Tragedy.” Review of Income and Wealth 59 (S1): S9–S15. Dutton, William. 2015. “Multi-Stakeholder Internet Governance.” Background paper for the World Development Report 2016, World Bank, Washington, DC. Easterly, William. 2006. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. New York: Penguin Books. ————. 2014. The Tyranny of Experts: How the Fight against Global Poverty Suppressed Individual Rights. New York: Perseus Books Group. EC (European Commission). Various years. Eurostat (database). European Commission, Brussels, http:// ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database. ————. 2014. “The Future of the Multistakeholder Model.” European Commission, Brussels. ————. 2015. “Digital Single Market Factsheet.” http:// ec.europa.eu/priorities/digital-single-market/docs /dsm-factsheet_en.pdf. Espey, Jessica. 2015. Data for Development: A Needs Assessment for SDG Monitoring and Statistical Capacity Development. Paris: Sustainable Development Solutions Network. http://unsdsn.org /resources/publications/a-needs-assessment-for-sdg -monitoring-and-statistical-capacity-development/. Gandhi, Rikin, Rajesh Veeraraghavan, Kentaro Toyama, and Vanaja Ramprasad. 2009. “Digital Green: Participatory Video and Mediated Instruction for Agricultural Extension.” Information Technologies and International Development 5 (1): 1–15. Gasser, Urs, Ryan Budish, and Sarah Myers West. 2015. “Multistakeholder as Governance Groups: Observations from Case Studies.” Berkman Center Research Publication 2015-1. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3 /papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549270. Haklay, Mordechai, Vyron Antoniou, Sofia Basiouka, Robert Soden, and Peter Mooney. 2014. “Crowdsourced Geographic Information Use in Government.” Report prepared for the World Bank, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, London. Hallegatte, Stéphane. 2012. “A Cost-Effective Solution to Reduce Disaster Losses in Developing Countries: Hydro-Meteorological Services, Early Warning, and Evacuation.” Policy Research Working Paper 6058, World Bank, Washington, DC. Haushofer, Johannes, and Jeremy Shapiro. 2013. Household Response to Income Changes: Impacts of Unconditional Cash Transfers. Cambridge, MA: Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. Heinzelman, Jessica, and Carol Waters. 2010. Crowdsourcing Crisis Information in Disaster-Affected Haiti. Special Report 252. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace. Holderness, Tomas, and Etienne Turpin. 2014. “Assessing the Role of Social Media for Civic Co-management during Monsoon Flooding in Jakarta, Indonesia.” Smart Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2015. “E-Freight Fundamentals.” IATA presentation. http:// www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/e/efreight/Pages /index.aspx. IEG (Independent Evaluation Group). 2011. “Project Performance Assessment Report: India—Cluster Assessment of Forestry and Watershed Development Activities.” World Bank, Washington, DC. ITU (International Telecommunication Union). 2015. “Facts & Figures.” http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D /Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2015.pdf. Judy, Henry, and David Satola. 2014. “Business Interests under Attack in Cyberspace: Is International Regulation the Right Response?” Business Law Today. http:// www.americanbar.org/publications/blt/2011/12/02 _judy.html. Kummer, Markus. 2013. “Multistakeholder Cooperation: Reflections on the Emergence of a New Phraseology in International Cooperation.” Internet Society Public Policy (blog). http://www.internet society.org/blog/2013/05/multistakeholder -cooperation-reflections-emergence-new -phraseology-international. Kurbalija, Jovan. 2015. An Introduction to Internet Governance. 6th ed. Geneva: DiploFoundation. Lobell, David B., Kenneth G. Cassman, and Christopher B. Field. 2009. “Crop Yield Gaps: Their Importance, Magnitudes, and Causes.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34: 179–204.
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A World Bank Group Flagship Report
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Contents xiii xv xix Foreword Ackno
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CONTENTS vii Boxes O.1 5 Frequently
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CONTENTS ix O.24 35 Digital safegua
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CONTENTS xi B3.8.1 178 Autocratic g
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Foreword We find ourselves in the m
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Acknowledgments This Report was pre
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii Karl Chua, Mas
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xx ABBREVIATIONS GDP GIS GNI GPS GS
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xxii ABBREVIATIONS BFA Burkina Faso
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Inclusion Efficiency Innovation
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OVERVIEW 3 Figure O.1 Digital techn
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OVERVIEW 5 Box O.1 Frequently asked
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OVERVIEW 7 Map O.1 The internet is
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OVERVIEW 9 Figure O.6 The digital d
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OVERVIEW 11 This mechanism operates
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OVERVIEW 13 Figure O.10 The size of
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OVERVIEW 15 Box O.3 Bridging the di
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OVERVIEW 17 sector is thus challeng
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OVERVIEW 19 skills that help them b
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OVERVIEW 21 Figure O.15 Labor share
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OVERVIEW 23 Figure O.18 From a tech
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OVERVIEW 25 governments and citizen
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OVERVIEW 27 Box O.6 Nailing Jell-O
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OVERVIEW 29 as well as higher secur
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OVERVIEW 31 Figure O.22 Policy prio
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OVERVIEW 33 Figure O.23 The types o
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OVERVIEW 35 Box O.12 Can continuous
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OVERVIEW 37 Box O.13 European Union
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OVERVIEW 39 29. Data for 2014 of ne
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OVERVIEW 41 OECD (Organisation for
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HOW THE INTERNET PROMOTES DEVELOPME
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D
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 51 varies with
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 53 Map 1.1 Many
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 55 Figure 1.6 L
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 57 Figure 1.7 I
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 59 Box 1.3 Is t
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 61 Map 1.2 Chin
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 63 Box 1.5 The
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 65 is selling c
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 67 goods tradin
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 69 competition
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 71 it to manage
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 73 Domestic mob
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 75 invest subst
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 77 together wit
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 79 Figure 1.22
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 81 regulatory b
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 83 fixed effect
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 85 71. Cirera,
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 87 Economic Per
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 89 Washington,
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AGRICULTURE 91 Figure F1.1 Introduc
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CHAPTER 2 Expanding opportunities D
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CHAPTER 3 Delivering services Have
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e-HEALTH 191 Figure F3.1 Sequencing
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4. Sectoral policies 5. National pr
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SECTORAL POLICIES 201 Box 4.1 Polic
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SECTORAL POLICIES 205 is independen
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SECTORAL POLICIES 207 Box 4.3 Fragi
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SECTORAL POLICIES 209 role for the
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SECTORAL POLICIES 211 subscriptions
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SECTORAL POLICIES 213 Box 4.5 The l
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SECTORAL POLICIES 215 Box 4.6 Guate
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SECTORAL POLICIES 217 Figure 4.1 Pr
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SECTORAL POLICIES 219 Box 4.7 How b
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SECTORAL POLICIES 221 mandating tha
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SECTORAL POLICIES 223 the internet
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SECTORAL POLICIES 225 Protecting pe
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SECTORAL POLICIES 227 grown since t
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SECTORAL POLICIES 229 Box 4.9 Tech
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SECTORAL POLICIES 231 Box 4.10 Isra
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SECTORAL POLICIES 233 US$74 million
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SECTORAL POLICIES 235 has been clas
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SECTORAL POLICIES 237 Kende, Michae
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THE DATA REVOLUTION 245 Figure S5.1
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THE DATA REVOLUTION 247 A journalis
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 249 • Rising
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 251 schools, ho
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 253 Figure 5.3
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 255 requiring f
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 257 around the
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 259 Figure 5.7
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 261 Box 5.3 The
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 263 Box 5.5 Kha
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 265 Box 5.7 Eme
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