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290 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 A recent trend in the United States is the provision of anonymous energy use and performance data that can support energy efficiency markets and services. 13 The industry-led Green Button Initiative in the United States is another voluntary industry data standard for utilities and companies; it allows consumers to make their energy consumption data available to service providers, which can help consumers lower their energy bills or “green” their energy supply through home energy efficiency solutions or the design and financing of renewable energy equipment. Since 2012, more than 50 utilities and electricity suppliers have signed on to the initiative, providing over 60 million homes access to their detailed energy use data. 14 In India, a pilot project launched by Prayas Energy Group, a nongovernment organization, has installed around 100 devices in volunteers’ homes to measure the availability and quality of electricity on a continuous basis. 15 The results provide a potentially powerful, crowdsourced flow of information that can help consumers understand the causes and impacts of power shortages, and can help policy makers and utility companies prioritize power system investments. Given the rapid growth of the ICT industry, there has been an increased focus on how much energy the sector uses. Recent estimates of energy use by ICT— split almost equally into energy use by communication networks, computers, and data centers—show that the sector accounts for between 3 and 4 percent of total global electricity consumption, and that energy consumption increased around 7 percent per year between 2007 and 2012. 16 While a breakdown of how much of this increased demand came from developing countries is not readily available, this share is likely significant, as more than 750 million new users have been added in China and India alone since 2000. There are many ways to reduce the energy use from the ICT industry, including moving to faster systems. For example, 2G networks (which are common in developing countries) require over 400 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity per year to deliver 12 gigabytes (GB) of data (1 GB per month), while a 3G network consumes less than one-tenth that amount (35 kWh), and a 4G network uses one-sixtieth (7 kWh). 17 In addition, the industry is exploring new technologies, including microtracing—a new, leaner technology for fiber access that uses less energy. However, many of these gains are offset by ever rising volumes of data. While it is too early to judge the overall impact of digital technologies on the energy sector, especially in developing countries, it is clear that many of the trends described above will continue to affect energy consumers and suppliers. Ensuring that benefits and synergies are maximized will be critical to meeting the sustainable energy goals of the World Bank’s client countries. Notes 1. World Bank 2015. 2. Ericsson 2014. 3. Ericsson 2014. 4. GSMA 2015. 5. Vogt 2015. 6. http://www.lightingafrica.org. 7. MITei 2014. 8. IEA 2014. 9. Spijker 2014. 10. Martinez-Romero and Hughes 2015. Power frequency refers to the frequency of oscillations of alternating current in a power grid. 11. IEA 2014. 12. Martinot 2015. 13. U.S. Department of Energy, “Open Energy Data.” 14. U.S. Department of Energy, “Green Button.” 15. Prayas Energy Group. 16. TREND Consortium Partners 2014. 17. Koomey 2013. References Ericsson. 2014. “Sub-Saharan Africa: Ericsson Mobility Report Appendix.” Ericsson, Stockholm, Sweden. GSMA (Groupe Speciale Mobile Association). 2015. “From Fringe to Mainstream: The Role of Mobile in Energy Access.” http://www.gsma.com/mobilefor development/from-fringe-to-mainstream-the-role -of-mobile-in-energy-access. IEA (International Energy Agency). 2014. “Task 24: Closing the Loop–Behaviour Change in DSM: From Theory to Policies and Practice.” IEA, Paris. Koomey, Jonathan. 2013. “Does Your iPhone Use as Much Electricity as a New Refrigerator? Not Even Close.” http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/08/25/2518361 /iphone-electricity-refrigerator/. Martinez-Romero, S., and W. Hughes. 2015. “Bringing Variable Energy Up to Scale.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Martinot, Eric. 2015. “How Is California Integrating and Balancing Renewable Energy Today?” http://www .martinot.info/renewables2050/how-is-california -integrating-and-balancing-renewable-energy-today. MITei (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Energy Initiative). 2014. “Utility of the Future Study.” MITei. https://mitei.mit.edu/research/utility-future-study. Prayas Energy Group. “Electricity Supply Monitoring Initiative: Watch Your Power Quality.” http://www .watchyourpower.org. Spijker, Arent van’t. 2014. The New Oil: Using Innovative Business Models to Turn Data into Profit. Technics Publications.
ENERGY 291 TREND Consortium Partners. 2014. “Assessment of Power Consumption in ICT.” http://cordis.europa .eu/docs/projects/cnect/0/257740/080/deliverables /001-trendd16finalwp1report.pdf. U.S. Department of Energy. “Green Button.” http:// energy.gov/data/green-button. ————. “Open Energy Data.” http://energy.gov/data/open -energy-data. Vogt, Heidi. 2015. “Making Change: Mobile Pay in Africa.” Wall Street Journal, January 2. http://www .wsj.com/articles/making-change-mobile-pay-in -africa-1420156199. World Bank. 2015. “Progress toward Sustainable Energy: Global Tracking Framework 2015.” World Bank, Washington, DC.
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A World Bank Group Flagship Report
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Contents xiii xv xix Foreword Ackno
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CONTENTS vii Boxes O.1 5 Frequently
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CONTENTS ix O.24 35 Digital safegua
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CONTENTS xi B3.8.1 178 Autocratic g
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Foreword We find ourselves in the m
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Acknowledgments This Report was pre
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii Karl Chua, Mas
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xx ABBREVIATIONS GDP GIS GNI GPS GS
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xxii ABBREVIATIONS BFA Burkina Faso
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Inclusion Efficiency Innovation
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OVERVIEW 3 Figure O.1 Digital techn
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OVERVIEW 5 Box O.1 Frequently asked
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OVERVIEW 7 Map O.1 The internet is
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OVERVIEW 9 Figure O.6 The digital d
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OVERVIEW 11 This mechanism operates
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OVERVIEW 13 Figure O.10 The size of
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OVERVIEW 15 Box O.3 Bridging the di
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OVERVIEW 17 sector is thus challeng
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OVERVIEW 19 skills that help them b
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OVERVIEW 21 Figure O.15 Labor share
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OVERVIEW 23 Figure O.18 From a tech
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OVERVIEW 25 governments and citizen
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OVERVIEW 27 Box O.6 Nailing Jell-O
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OVERVIEW 29 as well as higher secur
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OVERVIEW 31 Figure O.22 Policy prio
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OVERVIEW 35 Box O.12 Can continuous
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OVERVIEW 37 Box O.13 European Union
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OVERVIEW 39 29. Data for 2014 of ne
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OVERVIEW 41 OECD (Organisation for
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HOW THE INTERNET PROMOTES DEVELOPME
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 51 varies with
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 53 Map 1.1 Many
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 57 Figure 1.7 I
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 61 Map 1.2 Chin
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 65 is selling c
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 67 goods tradin
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 69 competition
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 71 it to manage
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 73 Domestic mob
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 79 Figure 1.22
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 81 regulatory b
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 83 fixed effect
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 85 71. Cirera,
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 87 Economic Per
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 89 Washington,
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AGRICULTURE 91 Figure F1.1 Introduc
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SECTORAL POLICIES 201 Box 4.1 Polic
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SECTORAL POLICIES 233 US$74 million
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SECTORAL POLICIES 235 has been clas
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