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230 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Map 4.3 African tech hubs Morocco 1. Jokkolabs Casablanca 2. New Work Lab 3. Girls in Tech (GIT) – Morocco Chapter OCP Entrepreneurship Network Civ Civ Civ 4. Hy Tunisia 1. Wiki Start Up Civ Egypt, Arab Rep. 1. Cairo Hackspace 2. The District 3. Flat6Labs 4. IceCairo 5. Fab Lab Egypt 6. The Greek Campus 7. Technology Innovation Entrepreneurship Center 8. Alexandria Hackerspace Civ Civ Hy Civ Civ Hy Gvt Civ Senegal 1. Jokkolabs Dakar 2. CTIC Dakar 3. Africa Living Lab 4. Mobile Senegal 5. Jjiguene Tech Hub The Gambia 1. Jokkolabs Banjul 2. Woe Lab Liberia 1. iLab Liberia Côte d’Ivoire 1. Jokkolabs Abidjan 2. The W Hub 3. Akendewa 4. AMN Co-working Space 5. Mwasi Tech Hub Civ Civ Aca Hy Civ Civ Civ Ghana 1. mFriday 2. Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology (MEST) [Incubator] 3. gSpace 4. iSpace 5. Ghana Multimedia Incubator Centre 6. Mobile Web Ghana 7. Kumasi Business Incubator 8. Oguaa Business Incubator 9. Hub Accra Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Aca Civ Civ Gvt Civ Hy Civ Hy Mali 1. Jokkolabs Bamako Civ Burkina Faso 1. Yam Pukri 2. Jokkolabs Ouagadougou Congo, Rep. 1. BantuHub Congo, Dem. Rep. 1. Imani Hub Civ Civ Cameroon 1. ActivSpaces Civ Civ Civ Uganda 1. HIVE Colab 2. @TheHub 3. Outbox Hub 4. Grameen Foundation AppLab 5. Women in Technology Uganda (WITU) Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Ethiopia 1. IceAddis 2. xHub Aca Civ Kenya 1. iHub Civ 2. m:lab East Africa Hy 3. GrowthHub Civ 4. Nailab 5. C4D Lab Civ Aca 6. AkiraChix 7. Lake Hub Civ Civ 8. iBiz Africa Aca 9. iLab Africa Aca 10. FabLab Nairobi Aca 11. 88 mph /Startup Garage Hy Rwanda 1. kLab 2. The Office 3. THINK Technology Incubator Tanzania 1. Kinu Innovation and Co-Creation Space 2. TANZICT 3. Dar Tekinohama Business Incubator (DTBI) 4. Buni Hub Madagascar 1. I-Hub Malagasy 2. Habaka Hy Civ Civ Civ Hy Civ Civ Civ Civ Togo 1. Mara Launchpad Benin 1. e-TRILABS 2. Jokkolabs Cotonou Nigeria 1. L5 Lab 2. Co-creation Hub 3. Wennovation Hub 4. Technology Incubation Centre 5. Minna Tech Incubation Centre 6. Information Developers Entrepreneurship Accelerator (IDEA) 7. Focus Hub 8. Enspire Incubator 9. Calabar Technology Incubation Center 10. 88 MPH (400 NG) Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Gvt Gvt Hy Civ Hy Gvt Hy Angola 1. Angolan n Institute of Support for Gvt Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises rises [INAPEM] (ICT Incubator) Zambia a 1. Bongohive Zambia Namibia 1. Namibia ia Business Innovation Centre (NBIC) Fablab Namibia Civ Aca 2. Hy Botswana 1. Botswana Innovation Hub First Steps Venture Center Gvt 2. Hy Tech hubs in Africa Gvt Civ Aca Hy Government led Civil society led Academic institution led Hybrid 10 78 9 20 South Africa 1. Jozihub 2. Capetown Garage 3. Black Girls Code 4. ThoughtWorks 5. TechinBraam 6. Silicon Cape Initiative 7. Impact Amplifier 8. Codebridge 9. Angel Hub 10. Eastern Cape Information Technology Initiative 11. Cape Innovation and Technology Initiative (CITI) Civ Civ Civ Civ Hy Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Zimbabwe 1. Sky Hub Initiative 2. Hypercube Hub 3. Muzinda Umuzi Hub 12. Smart Xchange 13. CodedinBraam 14. SoftStart Technology 15. The House 4 Hack 16. mLab bSouthern Africa 17. Start-up Garage/98MPH 18. IMPACT HUB 19. Rlabs 20. Invo Tech Incubator 21. The Innovation Hub (TIH) 22. Startup 90 23. Grindstone Hy Civ Civ Civ Civ Hy Civ Civ Hy Gvt Civ Civ Civ Civ Civ Mozambique MICTI Technology and Business Centre 1. Gvt Mauritius Ebène Accelerator 1. Gvt France (La Réunion) 1. Cyclotron Réunion Indian Aca Ocean (CYROI GIP) 2. Technopôle de La Réunion Hy Total tech hubs by Sept. 2015 = 117 Source: WDR 2016 team. Interactive map and source data available at http://bit.do/WDR2016-Map4_3. IBRD 41639
SECTORAL POLICIES 231 Box 4.10 Israel as a startup nation The term “startup nation” was used to describe Israel in a 2011 best-selling book. a It takes as its starting point the 6,000 startups created between 2000 and 2010, more than twice the rate of the previous decade. In 2013, the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Israel made up 16 percent of GDP and 26 percent of exports and employed 8.5 percent of its workforce. b It was also the fifth largest exporter of computer software and services in 2012, according to the World Trade Organization, c as ICT exports have increased almost tenfold since 1990 to over US$20 billion (figure B4.10.1, panel a). d A key ingredient in the success of the startup nation has been the role of the Israeli government, which designed its interventions so as not to hamper the emergence of the private sector. Many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments play an active role in funding innovation but Israel’s program, from the very start in the late 1960s, has been particularly geared toward “sector-neutrality”—meaning that the government did not try to “pick winners.” The program’s design avoided crowding out private investment and stimulated additionality. e Recent programs have included the Tnufa program (since 2000), supporting entrepreneurs in the very first stages of development; Magneton (since 2001), supporting industrial/ academic cooperation; the Public Technology Incubator Program set up in the early 1990s to help assimilate a wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union; and the Yozma Fund, a venture capital fund set up in 1993 for technology companies. As a result, Israel consistently scores the highest level of gross domestic expenditures on research and development among OECD economies, although the Republic of Korea is catching up (figure B4.10.1, panel b). But government support for firms in the ICT sector is not the whole story. Israel’s government has promoted a high level of investment in education, and the sector has benefited from the innovativeness of the firm’s themselves, which have been particularly successful in fields such as cybersecurity, mobile phone apps, and voice over internet protocol. Recent tech startups include Taboola (a content distribution and discovery platform), Silverbyte Systems (providing hotel management software), and Ceragon Networks (a wireless backhaul provider), while longer-established ones include Waze, which provides a location-based navigation app, and Wix, offering a cloud-based web development platform. Figure B4.10.1 How Israel stays ahead in high-tech entrepreneurship a. Israel’s ICT exports, 1990–2014 b. Gross domestic expenditures on R&D as a percentage of GDP, selected economies, 2004–13 25 20 5.0 4.5 4.21 Billions of U.S. dollars 15 10 5 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Percent 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Israel Japan United States China Korea, Rep. Finland OECD average Source: OECD STI Indicators, available from http://www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm. Data at http://bit.do/WDR2016-FigB4_10_1. Note: In panel b, the percentages shown on the figure are for 2013, except for the U.S. percentage, which is for 2012. GDP = gross domestic product; ICT = information and communication technology; OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; R&D = research and development. a. Senior and Singer 2011. b. Getz and Goldberg 2015. c. See https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2014_e/its14_trade_category_e.htm. d. Israel, Central Bureau of Statistics 2014. e. Lach, Parizat, and Wasserteil 2008. 4.15 3.49 3.32 2.81 2.40 2.02
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A World Bank Group Flagship Report
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Contents xiii xv xix Foreword Ackno
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CONTENTS vii Boxes O.1 5 Frequently
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CONTENTS ix O.24 35 Digital safegua
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CONTENTS xi B3.8.1 178 Autocratic g
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Foreword We find ourselves in the m
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Acknowledgments This Report was pre
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii Karl Chua, Mas
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xx ABBREVIATIONS GDP GIS GNI GPS GS
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xxii ABBREVIATIONS BFA Burkina Faso
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Inclusion Efficiency Innovation
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OVERVIEW 3 Figure O.1 Digital techn
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OVERVIEW 7 Map O.1 The internet is
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OVERVIEW 23 Figure O.18 From a tech
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OVERVIEW 25 governments and citizen
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