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206 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016<br />
Table 4.1 A policy framework for the supply of internet service<br />
Network<br />
components<br />
The first mile<br />
(the point at which the<br />
internet enters<br />
a country)<br />
International internet<br />
access, including<br />
submarine cable landing<br />
stations, satellite dishes,<br />
domain name registration<br />
The middle mile<br />
(the national, intercity<br />
internet backbone<br />
of a country)<br />
National backbone<br />
and intercity network,<br />
including fiber backbone,<br />
microwave, IXPs, local<br />
hosting of content<br />
The last mile<br />
(the connection between<br />
users and their<br />
nearest internet point<br />
of presence)<br />
Local access network,<br />
including local loop,<br />
central office exchanges,<br />
wireless masts<br />
The invisible mile<br />
(other, less visible<br />
network components<br />
and potential<br />
bottlenecks)<br />
Nonvisible network<br />
components, including<br />
spectrum, border<br />
crossings, databases,<br />
SIM cards, cybersecurity<br />
Market<br />
competition<br />
• Authorization of satellite<br />
dishes<br />
• Designation of domain<br />
name registry and<br />
registrars<br />
• Licensing of competing<br />
international service<br />
providers and orbital<br />
slots<br />
• Authorizations for<br />
landing stations, and<br />
access (co-location) to<br />
international gateway<br />
facilities<br />
• Licensing/authorization<br />
of nationwide facilitiesbased<br />
operators and<br />
service providers<br />
• Interconnection<br />
arrangements<br />
• Infrastructure sharing<br />
arrangements<br />
• Cross-sectoral<br />
participation (such as<br />
cable TV and alternative<br />
infrastructures)<br />
• Licensing mobile virtual<br />
network operators<br />
• Licensing/authorization<br />
of local facilities-based<br />
operators and service<br />
providers<br />
• Authorization of<br />
mobile virtual network<br />
operators<br />
• Authorization of valueadded<br />
network service<br />
providers, including for<br />
mobile money<br />
• Unbundling the local<br />
loop<br />
• Market mechanisms<br />
(such as auctions and<br />
resale) for spectrum<br />
assignments, especially<br />
for 3G and 4G bands<br />
• Arrangements for access<br />
to essential network<br />
facilities, including<br />
national numbers,<br />
address database<br />
Public-private<br />
partnership<br />
• Privatization/<br />
liberalization of<br />
international gateway<br />
• Development of<br />
government data centers<br />
• Participation in<br />
international cable and<br />
satellite consortia<br />
• Regulation of legal<br />
intercept<br />
• Privatization of the<br />
incumbent operator<br />
• Industry consultation on<br />
a network master plan<br />
• Establishment of<br />
national and local IXPs<br />
• Local hosting of content,<br />
including government<br />
data center<br />
• Dominantly private<br />
operation and<br />
ownership, with PPP<br />
approach where market<br />
fails (as in rural areas)<br />
• Stakeholder consultation<br />
on a national<br />
broadband plan<br />
• Universal service<br />
obligations (as for<br />
emergency services<br />
and accessibility for<br />
disabled)<br />
• Negotiation of transit<br />
and access to virtual<br />
landing stations (for<br />
landlocked countries)<br />
• CSIRTs at national and<br />
institutional levels<br />
• Open access to short<br />
code numbers, as for<br />
SMS<br />
Effective<br />
regulation<br />
• Open access to<br />
international facilities<br />
• Open to foreign<br />
ownership and<br />
investment<br />
• Avoiding excessive<br />
import and excise taxes<br />
• National representation<br />
at relevant national and<br />
regional bodies, such as<br />
ITU, ICANN, and WTO<br />
• Coordinating<br />
rights-of-way for<br />
linear infrastructures<br />
• Safeguards on<br />
significant market power<br />
• Open access rules for<br />
national backbone<br />
• Promotion of local<br />
content and hosting<br />
• Open access rules for<br />
local loop and central<br />
office exchanges<br />
• Coordination of<br />
planning permission for<br />
public works among<br />
operators and utilities,<br />
and authorizations for<br />
construction of wireless<br />
masts<br />
• e-waste recycling<br />
guidelines<br />
• Spectrum management,<br />
including arrangements<br />
for allocation of bands<br />
and refarming<br />
• SIM card registration<br />
arrangements<br />
• Data protection and<br />
privacy guidelines<br />
Source: WDR 2016 team.<br />
Note: Policy examples are indicative, not exhaustive. Policy actions shaded in red are particularly suitable for emerging economies, in green for transitioning economies, and in blue for<br />
transforming economies, but all are good options to pursue at any stage (see chapter 5 for classification of economies). 3G = third-generation; 4G = fourth-generation; CSIRTs = Computer<br />
Security Incident Response Teams; ICANN = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers; IP = internet protocol; ITU = International Telecommunication Union; IXP = internet<br />
exchange point; PPP = public-private partnership; SIM = subscriber identification module; SMS = short message service; WTO = World Trade Organization.
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