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184 WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Aral, Sinan, Erik Brynjolfsson, and Lynn Wu. 2012. “Three-Way Complementarities: Performance Pay, HR Analytics and Information Technology.” Management Science 58 (5): 913–31. Astrom, Joachim, Hille Hinsberg, Magnus Jonsson, and Martin Karlsson. 2013. “Citizen Centric E-Participation: A Trilateral Collaboration for Democratic Innovation.” PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies, Tallin, Estonia. Ayres, Ian, Sophie Raseman, and Alice Shih. 2009. “Evidence from Two Large Field Experiments That Peer Comparison Feedback Can Reduce Residential Energy Usage.” NBER Working Paper 15386, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Baldwin, Norman J., Robin Gauld, and Shaun Goldfinch. 2012. “What Public Servants Really Think of E-Government.” Public Management Review 14 (1): 105–27. Banerjee, Abhijit, Rukmini Banerji, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, and Stuti Khemani. 2010. “Pitfalls of Participatory Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Education in India.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2 (1): 1–30. Banerjee, Abhijit, and Esther Duflo. 2014. “Under the Thumb of History? Political Institutions and the Scope for Action.” NBER Working Paper 19848, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Banerjee, Abhijit, Selvan Kumar, Rohini Pande, and Felix Su. 2011. “Do Informed Voters Make Better Choices? Experimental Evidence from Urban India.” Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/node/2764. Batley, Richard, and Claire Mcloughlin. 2015. “The Politics of Public Services: A Service Characteristics Approach.” World Development 74: 275–85. 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Bishop, Sylvia, and Anke Hoeffler. 2014. “Free and Fair Elections: A New Database.” Working Paper WPS/2014-14, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford, U.K. http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/datasets /free-fair-elections/. Björkman, Martina, and Jakob Svensson. 2009. “Power to the People: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on Community-Based Monitoring in Uganda.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (2): 735–69. Bloom, Nicholas, Erik Brynjolfsson, Lucia Foster, Ron Jarmin, Ita Saporta-Eksten, and John Van Reenan. 2013. “Management in America.” Discussion Paper 13-01, Center for Economic Studies, Washington, DC. Bø, Erland E., Joel Slemrod, and Thor O. Thoresen. 2014. “Taxes on the Internet: Deterrence Effects of Public Disclosure.” Discussion Paper 770, Statistics Norway Research Department. Bond, Robert M., Christopher J. Fariss, Jason J. Jones, Adam Kramer, Cameron Marlow, Jaime E. Settle, and James H. Fowler. 2012. “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization.” Nature 489: 295–98. Bresnahan, Timothy, Erik Brynjolfsson, and Lorin M. Hitt. 2002. “Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117 (1): 339–76. Bridge Academies. 2013. “The Bridge Effect: Comparison of Bridge Pupils to Peers at Nearby Schools.” EGRA- EGMA Evaluation Programme, Fall 2013 Results, Bridge International Academies, Mombassa, Kenya. http://www.bridgeinternationalacademies.com /wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Bridge-International -Academies_White-Paper_The-Bridge-Effect _Nov-2014_Website.pdf. Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Lorin M. Hitt. 2000. “Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (4): 23–48. Budzier, Alexander, and Bent Flyvbjerg. 2012. “Overspend? Late? Failure? 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DELIVERING SERVICES 185 Cantijoch, Marta, Silvia Galandini, and Rachel Gobson. 2014. “Civic Websites and Community Engagement: A Mixed Methods Study of Citizen Empowerment Initiatives.” APSA Annual Meeting paper. http://ssrn .com/abstract=2454315. Chaudhury, Nazmul, Jeffery Hammer, Michael Kremer, Karthik Muralidharan, and F. Halsey Rogers. 2006. “Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (1): 91–116. doi: 10.1257/089533006776526058. Chopra, Aneesh. 2014. Innovative State: How New Technologies Can Transform Government. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. Cilliers, Jacobus, Ibrahim Kasirye, Clare Leaver, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin. 2013. “Improving Teacher Attendance Using a Locally Managed Monitoring Scheme: Evidence from Ugandan Primary Schools.” Policy Note 14/0186, International Growth Centre, London. Corbacho, A., V. Fretes Cibils, and E. Lora. 2013. More Than Revenue: Taxation as a Development Tool. 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Diamond, Larry, and Marc F. Plattner. 2012. Liberation Technology: Social Media and the Struggle for Democracy. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press. Duflo, Esther, Rema Hanna, and Stephen P. Ryan. 2012. “Incentives Work: Getting Teachers to Come to School.” American Economic Review 102 (4): 1241–78. Dunleavy, Patrick, and Leandro Carrera. 2013. Growing the Productivity of Government Services. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. EC (European Commission). 2014. Eurostat (database). European Commission, Luxembourg, http://ec.europa .eu/eurostat/data/database. Falck, Oliver, Robert Gold, and Stephan Heblich. 2014. “E-lections: Voting Behavior and the Internet.” American Economic Review 104 (7): 2238–65. Farrell, Henry. 2012. “The Consequences of the Internet for Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 15 (June): 35–52. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815. Ferraz, Claudio, and Frederico Finan. 2008. “Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil’s Publicly Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes.” Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 2008): 703–45. http://eml .berkeley.edu/~ffinan/Finan_Audit.pdf. Fountain, Jane E. 2001. Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Fox, Jonathan. 2014. “Social Accountability: What Does the Evidence Really Say?” Working paper, Global Partnership for Social Accountability, Washington, DC. Fujiwara, Thomas. 2015. “Voting Technology, Political Responsiveness, and Infant Health: Evidence from Brazil.” Econometrica 83 (2): 423–64. Fung, Archon, Hollie Russon Gilman, and Jennifer Shkabatur. 2010. Impact Case Studies from Middle Income and Developing Countries. London: Transparency and Accountability Initiative, Open Society Foundation. http://www.transparency-initiative.org/wp-content /uploads/2011/05/impact_case_studies_final1.pdf. ————. 2013. “Six Models for the Internet + Politics.” International Studies Review 15 (1): 30–47. doi: 10.1111 /misr.12028. Fung, Archon, Mary Graham, and David Weil. 2007. Full Disclosure: The Perils and Promise of Transparency. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Garicano, Luis, and Paul Heaton. 2010. “Information Technology, Organization, and Productivity in the Public Sector: Evidence from Police Departments.” Journal of Labor Economics 28 (1): 167–201. Gauld, Robin, and Shaun Goldfinch. 2006. Dangerous Enthusiasms: E-Government, Computer Failure, and Information System Development. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. Gauld, Robin, Shaun Goldfinch, and Simon Horsburgh. 2010. “Do They Want It? Do They Use It? 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A World Bank Group Flagship Report
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Contents xiii xv xix Foreword Ackno
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CONTENTS vii Boxes O.1 5 Frequently
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CONTENTS ix O.24 35 Digital safegua
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CONTENTS xi B3.8.1 178 Autocratic g
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Foreword We find ourselves in the m
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Acknowledgments This Report was pre
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii Karl Chua, Mas
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xx ABBREVIATIONS GDP GIS GNI GPS GS
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xxii ABBREVIATIONS BFA Burkina Faso
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Inclusion Efficiency Innovation
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OVERVIEW 3 Figure O.1 Digital techn
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OVERVIEW 5 Box O.1 Frequently asked
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OVERVIEW 7 Map O.1 The internet is
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OVERVIEW 9 Figure O.6 The digital d
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OVERVIEW 11 This mechanism operates
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OVERVIEW 13 Figure O.10 The size of
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OVERVIEW 15 Box O.3 Bridging the di
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OVERVIEW 17 sector is thus challeng
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OVERVIEW 19 skills that help them b
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OVERVIEW 21 Figure O.15 Labor share
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OVERVIEW 23 Figure O.18 From a tech
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OVERVIEW 25 governments and citizen
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OVERVIEW 27 Box O.6 Nailing Jell-O
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OVERVIEW 29 as well as higher secur
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OVERVIEW 31 Figure O.22 Policy prio
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OVERVIEW 33 Figure O.23 The types o
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OVERVIEW 35 Box O.12 Can continuous
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OVERVIEW 37 Box O.13 European Union
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OVERVIEW 39 29. Data for 2014 of ne
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OVERVIEW 41 OECD (Organisation for
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HOW THE INTERNET PROMOTES DEVELOPME
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D
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 51 varies with
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 53 Map 1.1 Many
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 55 Figure 1.6 L
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 57 Figure 1.7 I
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 59 Box 1.3 Is t
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 61 Map 1.2 Chin
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 63 Box 1.5 The
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 65 is selling c
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 67 goods tradin
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 69 competition
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 71 it to manage
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 73 Domestic mob
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 75 invest subst
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 77 together wit
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 79 Figure 1.22
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 81 regulatory b
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 83 fixed effect
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 85 71. Cirera,
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 87 Economic Per
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ACCELERATING GROWTH 89 Washington,
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AGRICULTURE 91 Figure F1.1 Introduc
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SECTORAL POLICIES 235 has been clas
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SECTORAL POLICIES 237 Kende, Michae
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THE DATA REVOLUTION 245 Figure S5.1
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THE DATA REVOLUTION 247 A journalis
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 249 • Rising
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 251 schools, ho
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 253 Figure 5.3
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 255 requiring f
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 257 around the
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 261 Box 5.3 The
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 271 • Explore
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 279 Box 5.13 Es
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 281 experiences
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 283 dence.” N
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NATIONAL PRIORITIES 285 Kremer, Mic
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 323 Map F6
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