CORRUPTION IN CONFLICT

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Human Rights Watch. Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity. July 6, 2005. Human Rights Watch. “Just Don’t Call It a Militia:” Impunity, Militias, and the “Afghan Local Police.” September 2011. Human Rights Watch. World Report 2012: Afghanistan. January 2012. Hussman, Karen. Working Towards Common Donor Responses to Corruption: Joint donor responses vis-à-vis corruption in Afghanistan: Myth or reality? OECD. October 2009. Independent Joint Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. “About Us—Mandate.” http://www.mec.af/#about-us. Independent Joint Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. “Backgrounder: MEC considers further strengthening of the Supreme Audit Office to be necessary.” June 2014. Independent Joint Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. “Kabul Bank Follow-up Report.” October 2, 2014. Independent Joint Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. Report of the Public Inquiry into the Kabul Bank Crisis. November 15, 2012. Independent Joint Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. Report on the Implementation of Anticorruption Related Elements of Presidential Decree 45. March 13, 2013. Independent Joint Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee. Seventh Six-Month Report. March 4, 2015. Integrity Watch Afghanistan. Afghan Perceptions and Experiences of Corruption: A National Survey, 2010. Integrity Watch Afghanistan. Afghans’ Experience of Corruption, 2007. Integrity Watch Afghanistan. “CBM—Infrastructures.” December 29, 2014. Integrity Watch Afghanistan. Criminal Capture of Afghanistan’s Economy. December 2013. International Afghanistan Conference in Bonn. Afghanistan and the International Community: From Transition to the Transformation Decade. December 5, 2011. International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan. Co-chairs’ Summary of Conclusions. Tokyo, January 21-22, 2002. International Crisis Group. “Afghanistan: Elections and the Crisis of Governance.” Crisis Group Asia Briefing No. 96. November 25, 2009. 136 SIGAR I CORRUPTION IN CONFLICT I SEPTEMBER 2016
International Crisis Group. Countering Afghanistan’s Insurgency: No Quick Fixes. Asia Report No. 123, November 2, 2006. International Monetary Fund. 2004 Article IV Consultation and Second Review Under the Staff- Monitored Program – Staff Report; Staff Statement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic State of Afghanistan. IMF Country Report No. 05/33. February 2005. International Monetary Fund. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism. IMF Country Report No. 11/317. November 2011. International Monetary Fund. “Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves US$133.6 Million Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.” November 15, 2011. International Monetary Fund. Sixth Review Under the Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Request for Waiver of Nonobservance of a Performance Criterion, Modification and Performance Criteria, and Rephrasing and Extension of the Arrangement. IMF Country report No. 10/22. January 2010. International Monetary Fund. Staff-Monitored Program. IMF Country Report No. 04-110. April 2004. IRIN News. “Afghan mining law ‘could strengthen armed groups.’” August 28, 2014. International Security Assistance Force. “CJIATF-Afghanistan Signs MOU with Major Crimes Task Force.” August 14, 2013. Johnsøn, Jesper. Anti-Corruption Strategies in Fragile States: Theory and Practice in Aid Agencies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar (forthcoming). Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board. Report to JCMB VII. 7th JCMB Meeting. February 6, 2008. Jones, Seth G. In the Graveyard of Empires: America’s War in Afghanistan. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2010. Kabul International Conference on Afghanistan. A Renewed Commitment by the Afghan Government to the Afghan People, a Renewed Commitment by the International Community to Afghanistan. Kabul Conference Communique. July 20, 2010. Karzai, Hamid. “Inaugural Speech: English Translation.” December 7, 2004. Karzai, Hamid. “Presidential Decree on Effective Combat against Corruption.” Presidential Decree No. 61. March 18, 2010. Kleinfeld, Rachel. Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad: Next Generation Reform. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012. SIGAR I CORRUPTION IN CONFLICT I SEPTEMBER 2016 137
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Special Inspector General for Afgha
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Special Inspector General for Afgha
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES FIGURE 1: Sha
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In the early years of the reconstru
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Recommendations To address corrupti
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1. Corruption undermined the U.S. m
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large sums of money. For example, a
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Corruption Has Increased from Pre-2
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capacity, legislative and regulator
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dynamic we have to change if we wan
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in corruption. 58 Afghans also witn
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ISAF Public Affairs photo PART ONE
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checkpoints, activities which they
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usinesses that served the internati
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for the long-term threat that corru
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combat corruption globally, which i
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opium when they raided the governor
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measurable benchmarks and target da
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While certain individuals and offic
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that Afghan leaders were not commit
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U.S. government documents increasin
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the state’s legitimacy and capabi
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and helping to fund the enemy. The
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would benefit from an approved stra
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fundamental flaw: The Afghan govern
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By the time of Salehi’s arrest an
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U.S. Marine Corps photo PART THREE
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and partners, other countries in th
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BOX 2: ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY In the d
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Capacity-building efforts would be
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“The international community held
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success, due in part to unwillingne
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ability to conduct robust oversight
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The story elicited a sharp congress
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London, Kabul, and Tokyo Conference
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officials. The task force member no
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These cancelled or forestalled cont
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a desire to tackle corruption and a
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These findings underscore that the
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LESSONS USAID/Afghanistan photo Bas
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eport, international assistance acc
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in Afghanistan failed to address th
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This legislation should: • Requir
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Intelligence agencies should: • C
Page 98 and 99: 10. The State Department should pla
Page 100 and 101: the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, which wa
Page 102 and 103: APPENDIX B ABBREVIATIONS 4A Assista
Page 104 and 105: ODA OECD OEF OSD-P OTI PACC PRT PSC
Page 106 and 107: APPENDIX D Strategy or Plan Assessm
Page 108 and 109: Organization Lead Agency Mandate Hi
Page 110 and 111: APPENDIX F U.S. Support to Afghan G
Page 112 and 113: ENDNOTES 1 Ryan Crocker, SIGAR inte
Page 114 and 115: 34 OECD Development Assistance Coun
Page 116 and 117: 65 Fishstein and Wilder, Winning He
Page 118 and 119: 101 Joint Staff, Joint and Coalitio
Page 120 and 121: 148 Dressler, Counterinsurgency in
Page 122 and 123: 192 NSC, White Paper on the Interag
Page 124 and 125: 235 U.S. Embassy Kabul, “Afghanis
Page 126 and 127: 284 Department of the Treasury, “
Page 128 and 129: Transition to Transformation, July
Page 130 and 131: 368 SIGAR, Quarterly Report to the
Page 132 and 133: 411 Torabi, email to SIGAR, March 5
Page 134 and 135: 463 Congressional Research Service,
Page 136 and 137: 525 U.S. Embassy Kabul, U.S. Govern
Page 138 and 139: 586 U.S. Embassy Kabul, “Update o
Page 140 and 141: 633 DOD, Report on Progress toward
Page 142 and 143: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Afghan Research
Page 144 and 145: Century Foundation. Afghanistan: Ne
Page 146 and 147: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Page 150 and 151: Koumans, Mark. Testimony before the
Page 152 and 153: Pritchett, Lant, Michael Woolcock,
Page 154 and 155: Schmeidl, Susanne. “The Man Who W
Page 156 and 157: Stanekzai, Mohammad M. “Afghanist
Page 158 and 159: U.S. Department of State, Office of
Page 160 and 161: United Nations Development Programm
Page 162 and 163: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SIGAR acknowledges
Page 164: SIGAR SPECIAL INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR
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