CORRUPTION IN CONFLICT

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SIGAR acknowledges the invaluable contributions to this report from scores of individuals. We thank William Byrd, Senior Expert at the U.S. Institute of Peace; Sarah Chayes, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Katherine Dixon, Director of Transparency International’s Security and Defence Programme; Drago Kos, Chairman of the OECD Working Group on Bribery and former Commissioner on the Joint Independent Anticorruption Monitoring and Evaluation Committee (MEC); Kirk Meyer, former Director of the Afghan Threat Finance Cell; Jennifer Murtazashvili, Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh; Yama Torabi, former Director of Integrity Watch Afghanistan and current MEC chairman; and Scott Worden, former Director of SIGAR’s Lessons Learned Program and currently Director for Afghanistan and Central Asia Programs at the U.S. Institute of Peace. In addition, we thank our peer reviewers and acknowledge the more than 80 individuals who gave generously of their time and allowed us to interview them at length. We are grateful for the contributions of all those at the Department of State, especially the Office of the Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan; Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Department of Justice; and Department of Treasury who provided comments, both officially and informally. Report Staff Kate Bateman, Senior Analyst and Lead Writer Nikolai Condee-Padunov, Research Analyst Kim Corthell, Acting Lessons Learned Program Director Brittany Gates, Research Analyst Matthew Rubin, Research Analyst James Wasserstrom, Strategy Advisor and Team Lead Elizabeth Young, Editor 150 SIGAR I CORRUPTION IN CONFLICT I SEPTEMBER 2016
The National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2008 (P.L. 110-181) established the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). SIGAR’s oversight mission, as defined by the legislation, is to provide for the independent and objective • conduct and supervision of audits and investigations relating to the programs and operations funded with amounts appropriated or otherwise made available for the reconstruction of Afghanistan. • leadership and coordination of, and recommendations on, policies designed to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the administration of the programs and operations, and to prevent and detect waste, fraud, and abuse in such programs and operations. • means of keeping the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense fully and currently informed about problems and deficiencies relating to the administration of such programs and operation and the necessity for and progress on corrective action. Afghanistan reconstruction includes any major contract, grant, agreement, or other funding mechanism entered into by any department or agency of the U.S. government that involves the use of amounts appropriated or otherwise made available for the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Source: P.L. 110-181, “National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2008,” 1/28/2008.
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Special Inspector General for Afgha
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Special Inspector General for Afgha
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES FIGURE 1: Sha
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In the early years of the reconstru
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Recommendations To address corrupti
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1. Corruption undermined the U.S. m
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large sums of money. For example, a
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Corruption Has Increased from Pre-2
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capacity, legislative and regulator
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dynamic we have to change if we wan
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in corruption. 58 Afghans also witn
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ISAF Public Affairs photo PART ONE
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checkpoints, activities which they
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usinesses that served the internati
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for the long-term threat that corru
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combat corruption globally, which i
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opium when they raided the governor
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measurable benchmarks and target da
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While certain individuals and offic
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that Afghan leaders were not commit
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U.S. government documents increasin
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the state’s legitimacy and capabi
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and helping to fund the enemy. The
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would benefit from an approved stra
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fundamental flaw: The Afghan govern
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By the time of Salehi’s arrest an
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U.S. Marine Corps photo PART THREE
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and partners, other countries in th
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BOX 2: ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY In the d
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Capacity-building efforts would be
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“The international community held
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success, due in part to unwillingne
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ability to conduct robust oversight
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The story elicited a sharp congress
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London, Kabul, and Tokyo Conference
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officials. The task force member no
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These cancelled or forestalled cont
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a desire to tackle corruption and a
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These findings underscore that the
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LESSONS USAID/Afghanistan photo Bas
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eport, international assistance acc
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in Afghanistan failed to address th
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This legislation should: • Requir
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Intelligence agencies should: • C
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10. The State Department should pla
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the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, which wa
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APPENDIX B ABBREVIATIONS 4A Assista
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ODA OECD OEF OSD-P OTI PACC PRT PSC
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APPENDIX D Strategy or Plan Assessm
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Organization Lead Agency Mandate Hi
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APPENDIX F U.S. Support to Afghan G
Page 112 and 113: ENDNOTES 1 Ryan Crocker, SIGAR inte
Page 114 and 115: 34 OECD Development Assistance Coun
Page 116 and 117: 65 Fishstein and Wilder, Winning He
Page 118 and 119: 101 Joint Staff, Joint and Coalitio
Page 120 and 121: 148 Dressler, Counterinsurgency in
Page 122 and 123: 192 NSC, White Paper on the Interag
Page 124 and 125: 235 U.S. Embassy Kabul, “Afghanis
Page 126 and 127: 284 Department of the Treasury, “
Page 128 and 129: Transition to Transformation, July
Page 130 and 131: 368 SIGAR, Quarterly Report to the
Page 132 and 133: 411 Torabi, email to SIGAR, March 5
Page 134 and 135: 463 Congressional Research Service,
Page 136 and 137: 525 U.S. Embassy Kabul, U.S. Govern
Page 138 and 139: 586 U.S. Embassy Kabul, “Update o
Page 140 and 141: 633 DOD, Report on Progress toward
Page 142 and 143: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Afghan Research
Page 144 and 145: Century Foundation. Afghanistan: Ne
Page 146 and 147: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Page 148 and 149: Human Rights Watch. Blood-Stained H
Page 150 and 151: Koumans, Mark. Testimony before the
Page 152 and 153: Pritchett, Lant, Michael Woolcock,
Page 154 and 155: Schmeidl, Susanne. “The Man Who W
Page 156 and 157: Stanekzai, Mohammad M. “Afghanist
Page 158 and 159: U.S. Department of State, Office of
Page 160 and 161: United Nations Development Programm
Page 164: SIGAR SPECIAL INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR
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CORRUPTION IN CONFLICT

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