policymakers demonstrate

Recommendations

Info

European Union Dual Labour Markets 89 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 GR SP MC HR IT CY PT SK BG PL HU IE FR BE RO SE EU27 LV LI SL UK FI CZ ET TU LU DK MT NL IC AU NO SW DE 2008 2013 Figure 2.11 NEET rates in OECD countries (OECD, 2014). lowest ratios. Thus, a lesson to be drawn from this evidence is that in some countries youth labour market problems just reflect general difficulties (Greece and Spain), while in others there is a specific issue about youth (Italy and Portugal). At any rate, all of the olive-belt countries share a poorly designed vocational training (VT) system. A large share of small firms hinder the use of apprenticeships, lack pre-apprenticeship tracks and the use of Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP) based subsidized permanent contracts is widespread. This has limited impact due to the large substitution effects suggesting that the Ratio UR15–24/UR25–54 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 NO LU RO CY CZ IC NL AU MT SL DK SW SE UK BE PT PL DE IT BG EU27 FR IT HR GR HU SK IE ET LI LV 5 10 15 20 25 30 Unemployment rates (15–74 years) Figure 2.12 Ratio of youth to adult unemployment rates in EU countries (own ellaboration from EU LFS data). SP MC
90 Juan J. Dolado scarring consequences of the GR for youths in these countries are bound to be long-lasting. Further, the recent strong signs of recovery in the Portuguese and Spanish economies have been mostly based on the creation of temporary and part-time jobs so that one cannot discard that in a few years we may observe a repetition of some of the episodes of the past. The concern that there may be a lost generation led the European Commission to launch the Youth Guarantee (YG) scheme in 2013 as a pledge by member states to ensure that youths under 25 (whether or not they are registered in the public employment services, PES) receive an offer of employment, continued education, an apprenticeship or training within four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education. Relying on the successful experiences of some Nordic countries, the YG aims to combine early intervention with activation policies, involving public authorities and all social partners, in order to improve school-to-work transition and the labour market outcomes of youths, especially in the crisis-ridden countries. The EU will top up national spending on YG schemes through the European Social Fund earmarked to help NEETs in regions with youth unemployment exceeding 25 per cent. In comparison with the annual needs, this is clearly an insufficient amount. Yet, as in the case of the Junker Plan for investment in infrastructure, the hope is that the leverage multipliers will be large. It is too early to evaluate the effects of the YG, but past experience of similar schemes in Scandinavia and elsewhere (Card et al., 2010, 2015) indicates that the expected gains from its introduction are not too large, at least in the short run and in the absence of an agenda to stimulate growth in Europe. Further, there is a risk that the introduction of the YG may delay the adoption of more politically sensitive reforms, such as measures to reduce labour market dualism in the peripheral countries. Nevertheless, the YG contains elements that may improve the labour market outcomes for youths in Europe. The most important of these is having a specific target in the form of NEETs, rather than a blurred target. The lessons drawn from some successful experiences in Scandinavian countries should be applicable to the rest of Europe. Some will be easier to implement, like the introduction of pre-apprenticeship tracks in the education system or a fruitful collaboration between the PES and private agencies. In exchange for reasonable fees for each difficult NEET that receives one of the above-mentioned offers, the latter could help PES (dealing with the easier cases) in achieving training and job sustainability, initially for disadvantaged young people but later also for older starters. What the YG should definitely avoid is providing unlimited subsidies to firms that rarely translate into stable jobs and lead to a lot of churning due to their deadweight and substitution effects (see García- Pérez and Rebollo, 2009). It should also avoid handing control of training funds over to trade unions and employer associations without strict surveillance by
Page 2:
Economics without Borders If treate
Page 5 and 6:
University Printing House, Cambridg
Page 7 and 8:
vi Contents 1.4.3 Reforming the Sta
Page 9 and 10:
viii Contents 5.3 Approaches in Ind
Page 11 and 12:
x Contents 9.3 The Trade-Off betwee
Page 13 and 14:
xii Contents 12.4.4 Inequality of O
Page 16 and 17:
Figures 1.1 Entry effects near and
Page 18:
Tables 2.1 Chronology of EPL reform
Page 21 and 22:
xx Foreword Another important facto
Page 24 and 25:
Contributors roberto barcellan Euro
Page 26 and 27:
Contributors xxv vigdis kvalheim No
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction Richard Blundell, Este
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 3 2. Knowledge-based g
Page 32 and 33:
Introduction 5 for innovation or th
Page 34 and 35:
Introduction 7 burden was the polic
Page 36 and 37:
Introduction 9 however, quite clear
Page 38 and 39:
Introduction 11 extremely useful fo
Page 40 and 41:
Introduction 13 An overarching them
Page 42 and 43:
Introduction 15 involved). Another
Page 44 and 45:
Introduction 17 proportion of rail
Page 46 and 47:
Introduction 19 ‘macroeconomics i
Page 48 and 49:
Introduction 21 private equity mark
Page 50 and 51:
Introduction 23 such changes bear c
Page 52 and 53:
Introduction 25 outlined, to draw s
Page 54 and 55:
Introduction 27 Chapter 14 starts b
Page 56 and 57:
1 Innovation and Growth: The Schump
Page 58 and 59:
Innovation and Growth: The Schumpet
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67: Innovation and Growth: The Schumpet
Page 100 and 101: 2 European Union Dual Labour Market
Page 102 and 103: European Union Dual Labour Markets
Page 110 and 111: 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 geo
Page 140 and 141: 3 Population, Migration, Ageing and
Page 142 and 143: Population, Migration, Ageing and H
Page 166 and 167:
Population, Migration, Ageing and H
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
4 Education Systems: Assignment, Ad
Page 188 and 189:
Education Systems: Assignment, Admi
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Competition and Regulation in Marke
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Winners and Losers of Globalization
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Economic Approaches to Energy, Envi
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Regional Disparities and Efficient
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
Skilled Cities and Efficient Urban
Page 396 and 397:
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Luxemb
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
10 Fiscal and Monetary Policies aft
Page 438 and 439:
Fiscal and Monetary Policies after
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Financial Regulation in Europe: Fou
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
12 Inequality and Welfare: Is Europ
Page 540 and 541:
Inequality and Welfare: Is Europe S
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Country mean score 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Developments in Data for Economic R
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Big Data in Economics: Evolution or
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
Page 656 and 657:
Page 658:
Page 661 and 662:
634 Index Diversified Cities, 385 D
Page 663 and 664:
636 Index Native Population, 114, 1
show all

policymakers demonstrate

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?