policymakers demonstrate

Recommendations

Info

Economic Approaches to Energy, Environment and Sustainability 315 the basis for such characterization to be adapted into computational models. However, much of the existing state of knowledge surrounding the above topics is often not incorporated into such models as currently designed and employed, for various reasons, the most important of which is the predominantly qualitative nature of this knowledge. This in itself may act to inhibit research into many of the above topics. One conclusion is that theoretical, empirical and methodological research approaches must continue in parallel and inform each other in order to achieve effective progression. Most models employed to assess the impact of environmental policy (or the absence of it) tend to focus on a particular component of the environmentaleconomic system. For example, energy system models deeply characterize technologies and costs, macroeconomic models characterize the complex dynamics of economic processes and interactions, whilst yet others characterize environmental systems and interactions. Numerous Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) attempt to link (at least two of) these domains and their interactions. However, such dynamic links are usually characterized relatively basically. Further research and efforts should be directed at improving the interaction between domains in IAMs. This allows for improved assessment both of the impact of policy interventions, and the projection of appropriate baselines against which such assessments may be made. These need to include increasingly robust research into the micro and macroeconomic costs of local environmental degradation (such as local air pollution), which in turn allows for increasingly robust assessments of the macroeconomic costs and benefits of climate change and climate change policy interventions (coupled with advances in knowledge and methodological considerations provided by the above research themes). However, such improvements also rely on improvements to the individual components of such models. For example, integration of the insights provided by behavioural and institutional economics in macroeconomic models is often poor, meaning that processes of structural transformation and innovation and diffusion, along with nonrational, nonwelfare maximizing choices made by individual economic actors, are not well represented. The improved incorporation of such dynamics into economic-environmental models should hold a high priority on the research agenda. In addition to this, more emphasis should be placed on other, complementary modelling frameworks (e.g., simulation or agent based models) that do not rely as much on assumptions made in many energy and economic models such as rational decision making and perfect foresight. To some extent, existing optimization models can be adapted or further developed to address the shortcomings of such assumptions, for example to explore the impact of uncertainty. Advancing the research frontiers above would enhance policy-makers’ ability to tackle ‘wicked’ environmental problems, such as the energy trilemma. It would also contribute to and allow for further research into how to combine the three ‘pillars of policy’ to encourage a low-carbon, and broader green
316 Paul Ekins, Paul Drummond, and Jim Watson economy, an increasingly pressing priority in a world of growing environmental and resource pressures, and their effects on the economy. European researchers have made many important contributions to this research agenda, and are well placed to make more, through national and especially European research programmes. There is some urgency, however, to make faster progress on the answers, especially in respect of climate change, if they are to be relevant to the task of trying to keep within the 2 ◦ C average global warming limit. Notes 1. The SDGs may be viewed at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300. 2. ‘Wicked problems’ are characterized by incomplete or contradictory knowledge, different opinions, which may be based on different value systems, held by large numbers of people, substantial economic implications, and complexity, both internally and in their relationship with other issues. Such problems are not amenable to definitive solution, although some resolutions of them may be judged better than others. 3. http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/comm_expertise_en.pdf. References Adriaanse, A. 1993. Environmental Policy Performance Indicators. SDU, The Hague. Ambec, S., Cohen, M. A., Elgie, S., and Lanoie, P. 2013. The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Competitiveness? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7, 2–22. AMEC, and BIO IS. 2013. The Opportunities to Business of Improving Resource Efficiency. Report to the European Commission, February, http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/enveco/resource_efficiency/pdf/report_opportunities.pdf. An, L. 2012. Modeling Human Decisions in Coupled Human and Natural Systems: Review of Agent-Based Models. Ecological Modelling, 229, 25–36. Andersen, M. S., and Ekins, P. (eds). 2009. Carbon Taxation: Lessons from Europe. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York. Azevedo, I., Jaramillo, P., Rubin, E., and Yeh, S. 2013. PRISM 2.0: Modeling Technology Learning for Electricity Supply Technologies. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA. 3002000871, http://epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx? ProductId=000000003002000871. Barker, T. 2008. The Macroeconomic Effects of the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy. Briefing Paper for The Climate Group, London, July, http:// theclimategroup.org/_assets/files/Macroeconomics-effects-of-the-Low-Carbon- Economy.pdf. Beaumont, L. J., Hughes, L., and Pitman, A. J. 2008. Why is the Choice of Future Climate Scenarios for Species Distribution Modelling Important? Ecology Letters, 11, 1135–1146. Branger, F., and Quirion, P. 2013. Understanding the Impacts and Limitations of the Current Instrument Mix in Detail: Industrial Sector. Paris, Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement.
Page 2:
Economics without Borders If treate
Page 5 and 6:
University Printing House, Cambridg
Page 7 and 8:
vi Contents 1.4.3 Reforming the Sta
Page 9 and 10:
viii Contents 5.3 Approaches in Ind
Page 11 and 12:
x Contents 9.3 The Trade-Off betwee
Page 13 and 14:
xii Contents 12.4.4 Inequality of O
Page 16 and 17:
Figures 1.1 Entry effects near and
Page 18:
Tables 2.1 Chronology of EPL reform
Page 21 and 22:
xx Foreword Another important facto
Page 24 and 25:
Contributors roberto barcellan Euro
Page 26 and 27:
Contributors xxv vigdis kvalheim No
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction Richard Blundell, Este
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 3 2. Knowledge-based g
Page 32 and 33:
Introduction 5 for innovation or th
Page 34 and 35:
Introduction 7 burden was the polic
Page 36 and 37:
Introduction 9 however, quite clear
Page 38 and 39:
Introduction 11 extremely useful fo
Page 40 and 41:
Introduction 13 An overarching them
Page 42 and 43:
Introduction 15 involved). Another
Page 44 and 45:
Introduction 17 proportion of rail
Page 46 and 47:
Introduction 19 ‘macroeconomics i
Page 48 and 49:
Introduction 21 private equity mark
Page 50 and 51:
Introduction 23 such changes bear c
Page 52 and 53:
Introduction 25 outlined, to draw s
Page 54 and 55:
Introduction 27 Chapter 14 starts b
Page 56 and 57:
1 Innovation and Growth: The Schump
Page 58 and 59:
Innovation and Growth: The Schumpet
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
2 European Union Dual Labour Market
Page 102 and 103:
European Union Dual Labour Markets
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 geo
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
3 Population, Migration, Ageing and
Page 142 and 143:
Population, Migration, Ageing and H
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
4 Education Systems: Assignment, Ad
Page 188 and 189:
Education Systems: Assignment, Admi
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Competition and Regulation in Marke
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Winners and Losers of Globalization
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293: Winners and Losers of Globalization
Page 302 and 303: Economic Approaches to Energy, Envi
Page 352 and 353: Regional Disparities and Efficient
Page 392 and 393:
Regional Disparities and Efficient
Page 394 and 395:
Skilled Cities and Efficient Urban
Page 396 and 397:
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Luxemb
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
10 Fiscal and Monetary Policies aft
Page 438 and 439:
Fiscal and Monetary Policies after
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Financial Regulation in Europe: Fou
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
12 Inequality and Welfare: Is Europ
Page 540 and 541:
Inequality and Welfare: Is Europe S
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Country mean score 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Developments in Data for Economic R
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Big Data in Economics: Evolution or
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
Page 656 and 657:
Page 658:
Page 661 and 662:
634 Index Diversified Cities, 385 D
Page 663 and 664:
636 Index Native Population, 114, 1
show all

policymakers demonstrate

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?