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Population, Migration, Ageing and Health: A Survey 137 Table 3.3 Foreign-trained (or foreign) nurses and doctors in selected OECD countries, based on professional registries (WHO, 2014, p. 87) Year a Number Share (%) Nurses Foreign-trained Finland 2008 530 0.5 Netherlands 2005 3479 1.4 Sweden 2007 2585 2.6 US 2004 100791 3.5 Denmark 2005 5109 6.2 Canada 2007 20319 7.9 United Kingdom 2001 50564 8 New Zealand 2008 9895 22.1 Ireland 2008 37892 47.1 Foreign Belgium 2008 2271 1.5 France 2005 7058 1.6 Portugal 2008 2037 3.6 Italy 2008 33364 9.4 Doctors Foreign-trained Poland 2005 734 0.6 Austria 2008 1556 4.1 France 2005 12124 5.8 Denmark 2008 1282 6.1 Netherlands 2006 3907 6.2 Belgium 2008 289 6.7 Finland 2008 2713 11.7 Canada 2007 14051 17.9 Sweden 2007 6034 18.4 Switzerland 2008 6659 22.5 US 2007 243457 25.9 United Kingdom 2008 48697 31.5 Ireland 2008 6300 35.5 New Zealand 2008 4106 38.9 Foreign Slovak Republic 2004 139 0.8 Japan 2008 2483 0.9 Greece 2001 897 2.5 Italy 2008 14747 3.7 Germany 2008 21784 5.2 Portugal 2008 4400 11.1 Norway 2008 3172 15.9 a Notes: Country data sources: Austria: Austrian Medical Chamber; Belgium: Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment; Canada: CIHI Workforce Trends of Regulated Nurses in Canada, SMDB Scott’s Medical Database; Denmark: Labor Register for Health Personnel, National Board of Health, Nursing Adviser; Finland: National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira); France: ADELI, DREES, Ordre des Médecins; Germany: Bundesärztekammer; Greece: General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece; Ireland: An Bord Altranais, Irish Medical Council; Italy: AMSI Associazione Medici di Origine Straniera, based on ENPAM, Federazione Ipasvi; Japan: Statistic Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication; Netherlands: BIG Register (Beroepen in de Individuele Gezondheidszorg); New Zealand: Ministry of Health, Information Directorate, Nursing Council of New Zealand; Norway: Den Norske Legeforening; Poland: Polish Chamber of Physicians and Dentists; Portugal: ACIDI, I.P., Immigration Observatory, Ordem dos Enfermeiros; Slovak Republic: Ministry of Health of Slovak Republic; Sweden: Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare; Switzerland: FMH Swiss Medical Association; UK: General Medical Council, Nursing and Midwivery Council; US: American Medical Association, National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN).
138 Christian Dustmann, Giovanni Facchini and Cora Signorotto the same time, the US continues to remain the main destination of medical professionals, with over 100,000 foreign trained medical doctors and almost a quarter of a million foreign trained nurses. Important differences exist though among the OECD countries for which data are available. In particular, Nordic European countries report very small numbers of registered foreign medical professionals, and in many Eastern European countries the number of foreign trained professionals is negligible. The arrival of foreign medical professionals has both short- and long-term consequences on the host country’s labour market. In particular, it may affect the employment and wages of natives in the sector and, importantly, it might have a significant impact on the overall quality of the health care services provided. Most of the existing evidence comes from the US. Combining data from the National Survey of Registered Nurses and data from the Current Population Survey for the period 1995–2008, Schumacher (2011) studies earnings differentials between foreign-born/trained and native nurses and the effects of foreign nurses’ immigration on natives’ wages. He finds evidence of a negative wage gap only for recent immigrants and of a very small, if any, negative effect of immigration on native wages. Cortés and Pan (2014) also analyse the labour market impact of foreign health professionals. Following Card’s (2001) spatial correlation approach, they exploit the variation in the distribution of foreign nurses across US cities and across labour market experience groups within cities. They find a large displacement of native nurses and provide evidence that the crowding out is due to natives changing occupation or to individuals deciding not to enter the nursing profession at all. The overall wage effect is instead negligible even if immigration might lead to a deterioration in working conditions. Given the specific status of the health-care industry, a particularly important question often at the heart of the debate on the migration of health care professionals concerns the ‘quality’ of human capital supplied by migrants. Dustmann and Frattini (2011) find that immigrants employed in the public sector in the UK have on average more years of education than natives, which suggests that immigrants may positively affect the ‘quality’ of public services provided. Cortés and Pan (2015) tackle this important issue by comparing foreign educated and native born nurses in the US. Interestingly, they find a positive wage gap for Filipino nurses, whereas no significant wage premium is found for nurses educated in other countries. Moreover, the positive wage gap for Filipino nurses cannot be explained by socio-demographic or economic characteristics, thus suggesting that it is driven by unobserved positive human capital attributes. Cortés and Pan (2015) conclude that the ‘high quality’ of Filipino nurses is likely to be driven by a strong positive selection into the profession in the country of origin.
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Economics without Borders If treate
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xx Foreword Another important facto
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Introduction Richard Blundell, Este
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