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Competition and Regulation in Markets for Goods and Services 237 Varian, H. R. 1989. Price Discrimination. Chap. 10 of: Schmalensee, R., and Willig, R. D. (eds), Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol.1.Amsterdam:Elsevier, pp. 597–654. Vettas, N. 2010. Developments in Vertical Agreements. Antitrust Bulletin, 55(December), 843–874. Villas-Boas, J. M. 1999. Dynamic Competition with Customer Recognition. RAND Journal of Economics, 30, 604–631. Villas-Boas, J. M. 2004. Price Cycles in Markets with Customer Recognition. RAND Journal of Economics, 35, 486–501. Wang, Z., and Wright, J. 2014 (May). Ad-Valorem Platform Fees, Indirect Taxes and Efficient Price Discrimination. Working Paper. NUS. Wilson, R. 1993. Nonlinear Pricing. New York: Oxford University Press. Wirl, F. 2015. Downstream and Upstream Oligopolies when Retailer’s Effort Matters. Journal Of Economics, 116(2), 99–127. Zhang, J. 2011. The Perils of Behavior-Based Personalization. Marketing Science, 30(1), 170–186.
6 Winners and Losers of Globalization: Sixteen Challenges for Measurement and Theory Cecília Hornok and Miklós Koren Abstract The goal of this chapter is to summarize the state of the art in research in international trade and global production, and discuss issues relevant to European <strong>policymakers</strong>. Much of recent research on globalization is primarily empirical, owing to the proliferation of available data. We begin by discussing recent advances in measuring the causes and effects of globalization, and discussing the particular data challenges that have emerged. We then turn to theories of trade and global production, first summarizing the conclusions on which there is a broad consensus in the field. We discuss new insights that may be relevant for policy-makers, and open research questions. 6.1 Introduction The fortune of workers, consumers and firms increasingly depends on other countries. This global interdependence is driven by the flow of goods, capital, ideas and people across countries. This chapter summarizes research about two aspects of globalization: international trade in goods and services, and the international fragmentation of production. We first summarize the overarching themes that are common to both topics. We conclude with a set of open questions, and propose an agenda for better connecting academic research with the needs of policy-making. We also discuss data challenges facing economists and policy-makers alike. The primary motivation of theories of globalization is to explain how international interactions differ from domestic interactions, and why they occur in the first place. Why do countries trade goods with one another? Why do some companies locate part of their production abroad? Canonical models of trade and globalization explain the magnitude and patterns of cross-country movements, and their welfare implications. An almost tautological conclusion of these models is that if countries choose to interact with one another, they must be better off than being in isolation. Models may differ in the 238
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10 Fiscal and Monetary Policies aft
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Country mean score 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6
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634 Index Diversified Cities, 385 D
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636 Index Native Population, 114, 1
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