“Key Informant Survey” of Production, Value, Losses and ... - DfID

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Cultural and Area-Wide Control The effects of the removal of infested fruit and its burial or destruction to kill pupae have been well studied, and similar practices are widely recommended. To some extent, however, these are likely to be undermined by the arrival of adult flies from untreated areas, and so fall under the larger heading of area-wide controls: Tephritids are generally held to be susceptible to area-wide controls entailing social cooperation, and are controlled over large areas in Israel, Mauritius and elsewhere, although the scientific study of returns to area-wide control has been limited by the demands for space and resources such a study would entail. Often the difficulty with the implementation of area-wide control, as in Mauritius, is in the social and institutional factors which may make it worth farmers’ while to maintain controls. In general, however, the study of the social and economic setting of fruit fly control, particularly at the small farmer level, has all over the world been studied less than biology and the mechanics of control. Conclusion Tephritid biology, ecology and control have been widely and effectively studied in India. Three areas may be identified where further research may bring benefits: 1 – the systematic and comprehensive study of the costs and benefits of the wide variety of candidate baits and lures, alone and in combination 2 – the perceptions, priorities and difficulties of farmers who have to make decisions about control, to illuminate how controls, even when perceived as effective by researchers, may be seen as practical and profitable by farmers 3 – the quantified returns to village-level area-wide control, both with and without concurrent farm-level control, to see whether control at village level may be more cost-effective than that on the individual holding, and of how village institutions and associations may most effectively harness these benefits. Other Fruit Fly Research Activities of Relevance Relevant research programmes, recent and ongoing, include the following. All of them have links and communication with Imperial College and the proposed managers of this project. Indian Ocean Commission Regional Fruit Fly Programme 1996-2000, with the financial support of the European Commission (Convention 7.ACP.RPR.400 Identification REG(RIN)7502), carried out by the Entomology Divisions of the Ministries of Agriculture of Mauritius, Reunion (France) and Seychelles, with Technical Direction by Dr John Mumford, Imperial College. Contact: Mme Indira Seewooruthun, Entomology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Technology and Natural Resources, Reduit, Mauritius. E-mail ento@intnet.mu. Website: www.fruit-flies.org. This Programme has evaluated important aspects of fruit fly ecology, damage and management. Studies have included interspecific competition, the development of controls, including home-made baits from brewers’ waste yeast, and the economic evaluation of farm- and village-level controls. The species of study overlap to some extent (e.g. Bactrocera zonata) with the Indian guild, though others (e.g. Ceratitis capitata) are different. Other studies have included quarantine risk assessments and the raising of public awareness to reduce the risks of the introduction of damaging exotic species. African Fruit Fly Initiative 1999-2004, with the financial support of the International Fund for Agricultural Development and others, carried out at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology. Contact: Dr Slawomir Lux, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail s.a.lux@icipe.org. Website http://informatics.icipe.org/fruitfly/. This ongoing programme organises and coordinates fruit fly management research in several African countries. Studies include loss levels and distribution and economic returns to farm-level controls including homemade baits and application techniques. The species of study differ entirely from those in South Asia. 10
Pakistan-UK Fruit Fly Project 1998-2000, with the financial support of UK DFID, carried out by Imperial College, London, and CABI Regional Bioscience Centre, Rawalpindi. Contact: Dr John Mumford, as under (1) above. This project evaluated bait spray and male annihilation controls in a variety of locations in Pakistan, and different home-made bait ingredients and application techniques and substrates, and male annihilation soaked blocks, with a variety of laboratory, experimental field and farm field technologies developed for the purpose. Results are presented in Appendix IV. Ongoing Fruit Fly Research of Relevance In many countries in and adjoining the South Asia Region, research work is continuing outside specific Programmes, within National Agriculture Ministry frameworks. All research groups listed work on the on-farm management of fruit flies, and have links with Imperial College. Israel Contact: Dr Yoav Gazit, “Israel Cohen” Institute for Biological Control, Bet-Dagan. E-mail yogazit@netvision.net.il. Work is being undertaken on the suppression of medfly and other pests. Medfly is currently controlled in Israel by wide-area sprays (usually aerial) of BAT, and research continuously seeks to improve this. More sophisticated techniques, such as SIT, are under consideration. Bangladesh Contact: Dr M Nasiruddin, Principal Scientific Officer, Division of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. E-mail entoipm@bdcom.com. Malaysia Contact: Prof S Vijaysegaran, Malaysian Agricultural Research Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur. E-mail svijay@mardi.my. South Africa Contact: Dr Brian Barnes, ARV Infruitec-Nietvoorbji, Stellenbosch. E-mail brian@infruit2.agric.za. Australia Contact Mr Bill Woods, Sr Entomologist, Agriculture Western Australia, Perth, WA. Email bwoods@agric.wa.gov.au Nepal Contact Dr Govinda Prasad Timsina, Entomologist, Agricultural Research Station-Pakhribas, Dhankuta. E-mail arsp@ccsl.com.np SECTION D: OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES 18a. What are the outputs of the project? 1 - Problem analysis 1A - Quantification of fly damage, by which species and where 1B - Social consequences, and constraints to improved management 2 - Improvement of farm-level management 2A - Effectiveness and profitability 2B - Appropriateness, practicality and sustainability 3 - Improvement of village-level management 3A - Effectiveness and profitability 3B - Appropriateness, practicality and sustainability 4 - Management plans 18b. What are the expected environmental impacts (beneficial, harmful, neutral)? Direct Environmental Impacts We envisage no hazards arising from the implementation of this project. Some insecticide applications may be carried out in the field, and insecticidal preparations will be evaluated in the field and laboratory, but these will all be of dosages and exposure levels less than those currently used by farmers. Formulations are expected to be similar to those allowed by US EPA for control operations on fruit flies in urban areas of Florida, California and Hawaii. All laboratory 11
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Dear Colleague, Integrated Manageme
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each zone will be divided by the to
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Sheet 2. Production and fruit fly l
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Product: Muskmelon Himalayan Highla
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Product: Snake Gourd Himalayan High
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Integrated Management of Fruit Flie
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Palanpur Pumpkin 2 Anand Bitter Gou
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Integrated Management of Fruit Flie
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Navsari Thiruvananthapuram
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The power of parapheromones. This I
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Cluster “Western” “Southern
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Indian fruit fly control and the So
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INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLIE
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They used to be nearer Ahmedabad, a
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FRUIT FLY CONTROL: SPRAYS (i) Spray
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fruit borer, little leaf (a mycopla
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ores the vine from tender portion,
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(DDVP). He is applying both ME and
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CROPS He said that he is growing bi
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that spraying insecticides is only
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vegetables not by having greater wa
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advantage of bitter gourd? He start
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isk of complete failure of crop. Am
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FF MANAGEMENT He said that he using
Page 49 and 50: eady-to-harvest fruits. Farmers los
Page 51 and 52: Gandevi. #G008 DATE: 03/01/04 TEAM:
Page 53 and 54: #R004 DATE:08/03 TEAM: JT/CVV. He i
Page 55 and 56: he has found this as very reasonabl
Page 57 and 58: improving the fertility condition o
Page 59 and 60: 50 cents, banana intercropped in co
Page 61 and 62: with grass. When the field is left
Page 63 and 64: sells his own produce. CROPS He gro
Page 65 and 66: it. When JS mimes a jumping FF magg
Page 67 and 68: other pests). RICE AND ITS PESTS In
Page 69 and 70: (mother) feed voraciously on leaf l
Page 71 and 72: yellow and drop. On opening of the
Page 73 and 74: including semilooper because fruit
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Page 77 and 78: PEST: FRUIT FLIES Losses: Bitter go
Page 79 and 80: PEST: SEMILOOPER Creates problems i
Page 81 and 82: semi looper pest bitter gourd at an
Page 83 and 84: FRUIT FLIES July sown crop suffers
Page 85 and 86: LEAF CURL He said that this serious
Page 87 and 88: only own farm total area five ha. N
Page 89 and 90: PEST 1 - MANGO HOPPER is number one
Page 91 and 92: PROJECT MEMORANDUM on behalf of the
Page 93 and 94: 4. Starting and finishing dates 1 J
Page 95 and 96: Fruit flies, although a serious pes
Page 97 and 98: Department of Agricultural Extensio
Page 99: SECTION C: SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 17
Page 103 and 104: This will connect the field researc
Page 105 and 106: Narrative Summary Goal Objectively
Page 107 and 108: YEAR 2 2002-2003 MONTH Activity A M
Page 109 and 110: Table I.2. Subjectively-derived syn
Page 111 and 112: Jujube 3 - S Bawal Dashad et al. (1
Page 113 and 114: Appendix II. Scientific Research on
Page 115 and 116: Museum has B. dorsalis specimens re
Page 117 and 118: and if neem can be used in attracta
Page 119 and 120: coast. In the Faisalabad area attac
Page 121 and 122: elative, and offer little real comm
Page 123 and 124: Appendix III. Work Plan ACTIVITIES
Page 125 and 126: 1.1.4: Tabulation of Controls Findi
Page 127 and 128: other methods. In fields where loss
Page 129 and 130: In addition to the Key Informant Su
Page 131 and 132: killing points”, and these techni
Page 133 and 134: tiers. It is proposed to replace th
Page 135 and 136: general benefit. Socially-cooperati
Page 137 and 138: greater than the sum of their parts
Page 139 and 140: Appendix IV. Prior Scientific Paper
Page 141 and 142: vi - Value of cucurbit extract comp
Page 143 and 144: Methods The assessment of BAT and M
Page 145 and 146: surfaces - cotton cloth, plastic sh
Page 147 and 148: Table IV.B.4. Mean total catches (N
Page 149 and 150: Table IV.B.9. Catches over four to
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Many improvements may be made to th
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economic damage per fly will be gre
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Table IV.C.1. Fruit infestation ass
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factors (ecoregion, year, season, w
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Infestation (%) ANOVA F Tree Mean 3
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Appendix V. References Afzal, M, Ma
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Jalaluddin, SM, Natarajan, K, Sadak
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cucurbitae Coquillett) in cucumber.
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Sharma, VP, Lal, OP, Rohidas, SB, P
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Project Integrated Management of Fr
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Section 1: Indian Fruit and Vegetab
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Section 2: Indian Production of Fru
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Section 4: Fruit Fly Species Report
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56 Gastrozona balioptera 57 G. fasc
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114 P. tetrica 115 Indacilira basiv
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Section 5: Hosts of Tephritid Fruit
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56 Cucumis melo var. utilissimus Cu
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118 Physalis peruviana Solanaceae C
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Bactrocera sp. T. dioica Mondouri,
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B. cucurbitae Mogekai Karnataka Kum
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B. carambolae Andaman Islands Ranga
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Jujube 20 20 60 40 N Gujarat xi,xii
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Mango 9.8 9.8 10 10 10 N Kanpur vi
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Cucumber 6.2 6.2 6 6 6 S South Anda
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Section 8: Population Dynamics and
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B. dorsalis Mango Kanpur, Uttar Pra
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C. vesuviana Jujube Haryana Lakra a
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Meridarchis scyrodes, Carpomyia ves
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B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Thakur e
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B. cucurbitae C melo, C callosus B.
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B. correcta Guava Jalaluddin and 19
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B. cucurbitae 82 cucurbits Nath et
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B. cucurbitae Singh et al. 2000 The
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B. cucurbitae Gowda et al. 1979 An
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B. cucurbitae Kaur and Srivastava B
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B. dorsalis Srivastava et al. 1989
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B. dorsalis Prasad and Sethi 1981 T
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Section 12: Natural Enemies Host En
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Section 13: Cultural Controls Fly H
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B. cucurbitae Bhagat and Koul B. cu
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B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Gupta an
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B. zonata Peach Himachal Pradesh B.
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B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Mote 197
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B. cucurbitae Ccumber, ridge gourd
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Zaprionus paravittiger [Z. indianus
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B. zonata Apple, peach Solan, Himac
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B. cucurbitae B. cucurbitae B. cucu
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Section 16: Pheromone and Colour Lu
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B. dorsalis Mango Pantnagar Uttar P
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B. cucurbitae Snake gourd Banglades
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Bagle, B.G. Prasad, V.G. 1983 Effec
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Borah, S.R. Dutta, S.K. 1997 Infest
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Drew, R.A.I. Raghu, S. 2002 The fru
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Gupta, K. Anand, M. 2002 Effect of
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Kapoor, V.C. Grewal, J.S. Agarwal,
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KrishnaMoorthy, P.N. Srinivasan, K.
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Nair, S. Thomas, J. 2001 Ovipositio
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Patel, R.K. Patel, C.B. 1998 Biolog
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Rahman, S Singh, S.P.N. Agarwal, M.
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Shivarkar, D.T. Dumbre, R.B. 1985 B
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Srivastava, B.G. Pant, N.C. Chaudhr
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Wadhwani, K. Khan, N.H. 1983 Effect
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Anon. 1994 Distribution Maps of Pes
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Anon. 1998 Population dynamics of B
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