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B. cucurbitae Paripurna and Srivastava B. cucurbitae Paripurna and Srivastava 1987 Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum quantity of water in an artificial diet for B. cucurbitae. The quantities of distilled water tested were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 ml. The diet containing 50 ml of water provided the maximum growth and development of larvae of B. curcurbitae. 1990 The optimum amounts of sucrose and glucose for larval growth and development of B. cucurbitae on an artificial diet were found to be 2000 and 500 mg, resp., per 50 ml diet. B. cucurbitae Srivastava et al. 1977 Qualitative studies were carried out on the requirement of larvae of B. cucurbitae Coq. for vitamins of the B complex. Only thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxin and choline chloride were found to be essential for growth and development. B. cucurbitae Srivastava et al. 1978 Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effect of ascorbic acid on larvae of B. cucurbitae Coq. reared on an artificial diet. Added to the diet at a rate of 0.2 mg/ml, it was found to be suitable for normal growth and development of the larvae. The vitamin was effective only if it was added after the rest of the diet was autoclaved. When added before autoclaving, the ascorbic acid probably lost its effectiveness because of its thermolabile nature. B. cucurbitae Srivastava et al. 1980 An artificial diet developed for rearing larvae of B. cucurbitae Coq. the diet contains 3.0g casein, 1.0g sucrose AR, 0.040g cholesterol, 0.100g McCollum's salt mixture No.185, 0.100g ribonucleic acid, 0.025g methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 1000 mu g thiamin, 1000 mu g riboflavin, 1000 mu g nicotinic acid, 1000 mu g pantothenic acid, 1000 mu g pyridoxine, 0.100g chloramphenicol, 0.4ml potassium hydroxide 10%, 1.0g agar, 50.0ml distilled water, 1000 mu g 4-aminobenzoic acid, 1000 mu g inositol, 20 000 mu g choline chloride, 100 mu g biotin and 250 mu g folic acid. The pH of the diet was found to be a crucial factor, and at pHs above or below 5.4 the larvae failed to grow. B. cucurbitae Srivastava et al. 1980 The addition of yeast, its 2 fractions (water soluble and insoluble) and yeast ash to the artificial diet of B. cucurbitae Coq. was studied in relation to its effects on the growth and development of the pest. The larvae could only develop if yeast was included in the diet, and this was found to be due to the change in pH from 4.4 to 5.4 caused by the yeast. Raising the pH to 5.4 by the addition of 10% KOH to the diet enabled the yeast to be eliminated, and it was established that a pH of between 5.4 and 7 was most suitable for the growth of B.c. larvae in aseptic conditions. B. cucurbitae Srivastava et al. 1983 The effects of the antimicrobial compounds methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate at 0.04%, sorbic acid at 0.04% and propionic acid [propanoic acid] at 0.2% in the artificial diet on the growth and development of B. cucurbitae were studied. The addition of sorbic acid and propanoic acid to the diet was lethal to the larvae, while in the presence of methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 50% of the larvae pupated within about 10 days. The optimum concentration range of the compound for protection against fungal infection without adversely affecting larval survival was shown to be 0.4-0.8 mg/ml diet, and the minimum effective dosage 0.4 mg/ml diet. Integrated Management of Fruit Flies in India: Knowledge Review 52 of 110
B. dorsalis Srivastava et al. 1989 The composition of an aseptic diet to rear larvae of the tephritid B. dorsalis was developed. The diet (in g) consists of vitamin-free casein (3.5), sucrose 2.0), cholesterol (0.04), Mc-collum salt mixture No. 185 (0.1), ribonucleic acid (0.1), methyl parahydroxy benzoate (0.1), chloramphenicol (0.1), 10% potassium hydroxide (0.4) ml, agar (1.0), distilled water (10 ml) and (in mg) the vitamins thiamine 1, riboflavin 1, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid (1), p-aminobenzoic acid (1), inositol (10), choline chloride (2), biotin (0.1), folic acid (0.25 and PII (5.4). B. cucurbitae Srivastava et al. 1995 A casein hydrolysate-based diet was shown to be as effective as one containing imported yeast hydrolysate for use in rearing. Integrated Management of Fruit Flies in India: Knowledge Review 53 of 110
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Dear Colleague, Integrated Manageme
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each zone will be divided by the to
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Sheet 2. Production and fruit fly l
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Product: Muskmelon Himalayan Highla
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Product: Snake Gourd Himalayan High
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Integrated Management of Fruit Flie
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Palanpur Pumpkin 2 Anand Bitter Gou
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Integrated Management of Fruit Flie
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Navsari Thiruvananthapuram
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The power of parapheromones. This I
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Cluster “Western” “Southern
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Indian fruit fly control and the So
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INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLIE
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They used to be nearer Ahmedabad, a
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FRUIT FLY CONTROL: SPRAYS (i) Spray
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fruit borer, little leaf (a mycopla
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ores the vine from tender portion,
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(DDVP). He is applying both ME and
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CROPS He said that he is growing bi
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that spraying insecticides is only
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vegetables not by having greater wa
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advantage of bitter gourd? He start
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isk of complete failure of crop. Am
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FF MANAGEMENT He said that he using
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eady-to-harvest fruits. Farmers los
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Gandevi. #G008 DATE: 03/01/04 TEAM:
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#R004 DATE:08/03 TEAM: JT/CVV. He i
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he has found this as very reasonabl
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improving the fertility condition o
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50 cents, banana intercropped in co
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with grass. When the field is left
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sells his own produce. CROPS He gro
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it. When JS mimes a jumping FF magg
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other pests). RICE AND ITS PESTS In
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(mother) feed voraciously on leaf l
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yellow and drop. On opening of the
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including semilooper because fruit
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off prematurely from plants. Thus p
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PEST: FRUIT FLIES Losses: Bitter go
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PEST: SEMILOOPER Creates problems i
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semi looper pest bitter gourd at an
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FRUIT FLIES July sown crop suffers
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LEAF CURL He said that this serious
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only own farm total area five ha. N
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PEST 1 - MANGO HOPPER is number one
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PROJECT MEMORANDUM on behalf of the
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4. Starting and finishing dates 1 J
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Fruit flies, although a serious pes
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Department of Agricultural Extensio
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SECTION C: SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 17
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Pakistan-UK Fruit Fly Project 1998-
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This will connect the field researc
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Narrative Summary Goal Objectively
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YEAR 2 2002-2003 MONTH Activity A M
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Table I.2. Subjectively-derived syn
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Jujube 3 - S Bawal Dashad et al. (1
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Appendix II. Scientific Research on
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Museum has B. dorsalis specimens re
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and if neem can be used in attracta
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coast. In the Faisalabad area attac
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elative, and offer little real comm
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Appendix III. Work Plan ACTIVITIES
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1.1.4: Tabulation of Controls Findi
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other methods. In fields where loss
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In addition to the Key Informant Su
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killing points”, and these techni
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tiers. It is proposed to replace th
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general benefit. Socially-cooperati
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greater than the sum of their parts
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Appendix IV. Prior Scientific Paper
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vi - Value of cucurbit extract comp
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Methods The assessment of BAT and M
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surfaces - cotton cloth, plastic sh
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Table IV.B.4. Mean total catches (N
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Table IV.B.9. Catches over four to
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Many improvements may be made to th
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economic damage per fly will be gre
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Table IV.C.1. Fruit infestation ass
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factors (ecoregion, year, season, w
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Infestation (%) ANOVA F Tree Mean 3
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Appendix V. References Afzal, M, Ma
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Jalaluddin, SM, Natarajan, K, Sadak
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cucurbitae Coquillett) in cucumber.
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Sharma, VP, Lal, OP, Rohidas, SB, P
Page 169 and 170: Project Integrated Management of Fr
Page 171 and 172: Section 1: Indian Fruit and Vegetab
Page 173 and 174: Section 2: Indian Production of Fru
Page 175 and 176: Section 4: Fruit Fly Species Report
Page 177 and 178: 56 Gastrozona balioptera 57 G. fasc
Page 179 and 180: 114 P. tetrica 115 Indacilira basiv
Page 181 and 182: Section 5: Hosts of Tephritid Fruit
Page 183 and 184: 56 Cucumis melo var. utilissimus Cu
Page 185 and 186: 118 Physalis peruviana Solanaceae C
Page 187 and 188: Bactrocera sp. T. dioica Mondouri,
Page 189 and 190: B. cucurbitae Mogekai Karnataka Kum
Page 191 and 192: B. carambolae Andaman Islands Ranga
Page 193 and 194: Jujube 20 20 60 40 N Gujarat xi,xii
Page 195 and 196: Mango 9.8 9.8 10 10 10 N Kanpur vi
Page 197 and 198: Cucumber 6.2 6.2 6 6 6 S South Anda
Page 199 and 200: Section 8: Population Dynamics and
Page 201 and 202: B. dorsalis Mango Kanpur, Uttar Pra
Page 203 and 204: C. vesuviana Jujube Haryana Lakra a
Page 205 and 206: Meridarchis scyrodes, Carpomyia ves
Page 207 and 208: B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Thakur e
Page 209 and 210: B. cucurbitae C melo, C callosus B.
Page 211 and 212: B. correcta Guava Jalaluddin and 19
Page 213 and 214: B. cucurbitae 82 cucurbits Nath et
Page 215 and 216: B. cucurbitae Singh et al. 2000 The
Page 217 and 218: B. cucurbitae Gowda et al. 1979 An
Page 219: B. cucurbitae Kaur and Srivastava B
Page 223 and 224: B. dorsalis Prasad and Sethi 1981 T
Page 225 and 226: Section 12: Natural Enemies Host En
Page 227 and 228: Section 13: Cultural Controls Fly H
Page 229 and 230: B. cucurbitae Bhagat and Koul B. cu
Page 231 and 232: B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Gupta an
Page 233 and 234: B. zonata Peach Himachal Pradesh B.
Page 235 and 236: B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Mote 197
Page 237 and 238: B. cucurbitae Ccumber, ridge gourd
Page 239 and 240: Zaprionus paravittiger [Z. indianus
Page 241 and 242: B. zonata Apple, peach Solan, Himac
Page 243 and 244: B. cucurbitae B. cucurbitae B. cucu
Page 245 and 246: Section 16: Pheromone and Colour Lu
Page 247 and 248: B. dorsalis Mango Pantnagar Uttar P
Page 249 and 250: B. cucurbitae Snake gourd Banglades
Page 251 and 252: Bagle, B.G. Prasad, V.G. 1983 Effec
Page 253 and 254: Borah, S.R. Dutta, S.K. 1997 Infest
Page 255 and 256: Drew, R.A.I. Raghu, S. 2002 The fru
Page 257 and 258: Gupta, K. Anand, M. 2002 Effect of
Page 259 and 260: Kapoor, V.C. Grewal, J.S. Agarwal,
Page 261 and 262: KrishnaMoorthy, P.N. Srinivasan, K.
Page 263 and 264: Nair, S. Thomas, J. 2001 Ovipositio
Page 265 and 266: Patel, R.K. Patel, C.B. 1998 Biolog
Page 267 and 268: Rahman, S Singh, S.P.N. Agarwal, M.
Page 269 and 270: Shivarkar, D.T. Dumbre, R.B. 1985 B
Page 271 and 272:
Srivastava, B.G. Pant, N.C. Chaudhr
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Wadhwani, K. Khan, N.H. 1983 Effect
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Anon. 1994 Distribution Maps of Pes
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Anon. 1998 Population dynamics of B
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