“Key Informant Survey” of Production, Value, Losses and ... - DfID

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position to move up to the cultivation of cucurbits for market, are prevented from doing so by pests, often mainly fruit flies, and so their control, particularly by cheap methods needing no access to capital goods such as sprayers, may offer significant improvements in living standards. Finally, as the subjects of many detailed studies in the past, fruit flies represent a case of a pest where much biological information exists, including on the effectiveness of farm-level controls, but their control in India is largely either absent or by insecticide cover sprays: there seems to be a need for both an integration of information to allow the selection of the economically optimum control technique in every case, and also of the incorporation of knowledge into a social and economic framework to ensure control technologies are workable by, and valuable to, farmers. Addressing this may form to some extent a test or pilot study of how effective control technology may be taken up, in a case where there already exists a suite of different control technologies with different attributes. There are particular opportunities for controls based on information rather than products - thresholds, IPM, and wide-area social controls by farmers cooperating. Overall, the control of Tephritids is quite well understood (though not optimised for all available options), and proven effective technologies are known, so that the question is one of understanding which technology or strategy is best for farmers in any particular case, and of how they can be made workable by farmers. Additionally, fruit fly control is patently not a “lost cause” where scheduled cover sprays are the only option which farmers will trust to protect crops - methyl eugenol, which has no purpose other than low-pesticide Tephritid control, is widely available, and sold, in India. Overall, India with its traditions of non-violence and harmony with nature has favoured agriculture with conceptual characteristics such as Swadeshi (indigenous), Swaavalambi (self-reliant) and Savayava (organic) (anon., 1999). Synthetic chemicals are generally frowned on, many NGOs fostering organic farming, with a growing urban market for organic produce. This provides a promising base for the development of minimum-pollution IPM with minimal cover pesticide use. It is thus in a way an opportunity to scrutinise the paradigm of technology transfer: simple technologies can and do work, and in their effective deployment and extension a little knowledge goes a long way. Table I.4. Tabulation of records of losses to fruit flies in India. This preliminary table of losses repe ats the estimate processes carried out for The Seychelles and Pakistan (Stonehouse et al., 1998, 2001). India’s size and ecogeographic variety will necessitate a process of zoning. Data are from a literature search (cited as text references) and small Key Informant survey (cited as personal communications). At writing, the documentation searched is incomplete and many found only as abstracts; the following are from a search of the internet and the CABI pest management abstracts CD for 1990-2001. The table shows records of losses as percentages (“Loss %”), with months where given (as roman numerals from i=January), existence and nature of protection (“P” - as N=none, R=resistance, S=cover sprays, M=MAT, B=BAT, I=IPM), together with their locations and source. Expressions such as “up to” or “at least” are coded by, respectively, =. At the end of each host section is the subjectively-derived estimate for use overall (temporarily disregarding zoning requirements) called “Used” and for “All” locations, with estimates given, respectively, for Untreated and Treated areas, i.e. subjective overall estimates for jujube of “30/3" are of 30% for untreated and 3% for treated crops. This is a first step, and it is proposed to develop it into a more comprehensive data-base-based synthesis to include crop, variety, fly species, control, month(s) and year(s) and the location converted to latitude and longitude coordinates (with altitude) and to a standard system of ecogeographical zoning. Moringa fruit fly losses are included although this species is a Drosophilid, not Tephritid, pest. Part i: Tree Fruit Host Loss % months P Location Source Jujube 47 - N Bawal Dashad et al. (1999b) Jujube 13 - R Rajasthan Faroda (1996) Jujube 1-10 - R Delhi Sharma et al. (1998) 20
Jujube 3 - S Bawal Dashad et al. (1999b) Jujube >=50 - N Delhi Sharma et al. (1998) Jujube 72 i N Bawal Dashad et al. (1999a) Jujube 11-30 - N/R Delhi Sharma et al. (1998) Jujube >=20 xi,xii N Gujarat Bagle (1992) Jujube 40 - R Punjab Arora et al. (1999) Jujube 13 xi N Bawal Dashad et al. (1999a) Jujube 33 - R Punjab Arora et al. (1999) Jujube
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Dear Colleague, Integrated Manageme
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each zone will be divided by the to
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Sheet 2. Production and fruit fly l
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Product: Muskmelon Himalayan Highla
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Product: Snake Gourd Himalayan High
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Integrated Management of Fruit Flie
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Palanpur Pumpkin 2 Anand Bitter Gou
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Integrated Management of Fruit Flie
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Navsari Thiruvananthapuram
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The power of parapheromones. This I
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Cluster “Western” “Southern
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Indian fruit fly control and the So
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INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLIE
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They used to be nearer Ahmedabad, a
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FRUIT FLY CONTROL: SPRAYS (i) Spray
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fruit borer, little leaf (a mycopla
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ores the vine from tender portion,
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(DDVP). He is applying both ME and
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CROPS He said that he is growing bi
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that spraying insecticides is only
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vegetables not by having greater wa
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advantage of bitter gourd? He start
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isk of complete failure of crop. Am
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FF MANAGEMENT He said that he using
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eady-to-harvest fruits. Farmers los
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Gandevi. #G008 DATE: 03/01/04 TEAM:
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#R004 DATE:08/03 TEAM: JT/CVV. He i
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he has found this as very reasonabl
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improving the fertility condition o
Page 59 and 60: 50 cents, banana intercropped in co
Page 61 and 62: with grass. When the field is left
Page 63 and 64: sells his own produce. CROPS He gro
Page 65 and 66: it. When JS mimes a jumping FF magg
Page 67 and 68: other pests). RICE AND ITS PESTS In
Page 69 and 70: (mother) feed voraciously on leaf l
Page 71 and 72: yellow and drop. On opening of the
Page 73 and 74: including semilooper because fruit
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Page 77 and 78: PEST: FRUIT FLIES Losses: Bitter go
Page 79 and 80: PEST: SEMILOOPER Creates problems i
Page 81 and 82: semi looper pest bitter gourd at an
Page 83 and 84: FRUIT FLIES July sown crop suffers
Page 85 and 86: LEAF CURL He said that this serious
Page 87 and 88: only own farm total area five ha. N
Page 89 and 90: PEST 1 - MANGO HOPPER is number one
Page 91 and 92: PROJECT MEMORANDUM on behalf of the
Page 93 and 94: 4. Starting and finishing dates 1 J
Page 95 and 96: Fruit flies, although a serious pes
Page 97 and 98: Department of Agricultural Extensio
Page 99 and 100: SECTION C: SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 17
Page 101 and 102: Pakistan-UK Fruit Fly Project 1998-
Page 103 and 104: This will connect the field researc
Page 105 and 106: Narrative Summary Goal Objectively
Page 107 and 108: YEAR 2 2002-2003 MONTH Activity A M
Page 109: Table I.2. Subjectively-derived syn
Page 113 and 114: Appendix II. Scientific Research on
Page 115 and 116: Museum has B. dorsalis specimens re
Page 117 and 118: and if neem can be used in attracta
Page 119 and 120: coast. In the Faisalabad area attac
Page 121 and 122: elative, and offer little real comm
Page 123 and 124: Appendix III. Work Plan ACTIVITIES
Page 125 and 126: 1.1.4: Tabulation of Controls Findi
Page 127 and 128: other methods. In fields where loss
Page 129 and 130: In addition to the Key Informant Su
Page 131 and 132: killing points”, and these techni
Page 133 and 134: tiers. It is proposed to replace th
Page 135 and 136: general benefit. Socially-cooperati
Page 137 and 138: greater than the sum of their parts
Page 139 and 140: Appendix IV. Prior Scientific Paper
Page 141 and 142: vi - Value of cucurbit extract comp
Page 143 and 144: Methods The assessment of BAT and M
Page 145 and 146: surfaces - cotton cloth, plastic sh
Page 147 and 148: Table IV.B.4. Mean total catches (N
Page 149 and 150: Table IV.B.9. Catches over four to
Page 151 and 152: Many improvements may be made to th
Page 153 and 154: economic damage per fly will be gre
Page 155 and 156: Table IV.C.1. Fruit infestation ass
Page 157 and 158: factors (ecoregion, year, season, w
Page 159 and 160: Infestation (%) ANOVA F Tree Mean 3
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Appendix V. References Afzal, M, Ma
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Jalaluddin, SM, Natarajan, K, Sadak
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cucurbitae Coquillett) in cucumber.
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Sharma, VP, Lal, OP, Rohidas, SB, P
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Project Integrated Management of Fr
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Section 1: Indian Fruit and Vegetab
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Section 2: Indian Production of Fru
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Section 4: Fruit Fly Species Report
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56 Gastrozona balioptera 57 G. fasc
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114 P. tetrica 115 Indacilira basiv
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Section 5: Hosts of Tephritid Fruit
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56 Cucumis melo var. utilissimus Cu
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118 Physalis peruviana Solanaceae C
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Bactrocera sp. T. dioica Mondouri,
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B. cucurbitae Mogekai Karnataka Kum
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B. carambolae Andaman Islands Ranga
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Jujube 20 20 60 40 N Gujarat xi,xii
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Mango 9.8 9.8 10 10 10 N Kanpur vi
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Cucumber 6.2 6.2 6 6 6 S South Anda
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Section 8: Population Dynamics and
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B. dorsalis Mango Kanpur, Uttar Pra
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C. vesuviana Jujube Haryana Lakra a
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Meridarchis scyrodes, Carpomyia ves
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B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Thakur e
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B. cucurbitae C melo, C callosus B.
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B. correcta Guava Jalaluddin and 19
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B. cucurbitae 82 cucurbits Nath et
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B. cucurbitae Singh et al. 2000 The
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B. cucurbitae Gowda et al. 1979 An
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B. cucurbitae Kaur and Srivastava B
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B. dorsalis Srivastava et al. 1989
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B. dorsalis Prasad and Sethi 1981 T
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Section 12: Natural Enemies Host En
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Section 13: Cultural Controls Fly H
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B. cucurbitae Bhagat and Koul B. cu
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B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Gupta an
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B. zonata Peach Himachal Pradesh B.
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B. cucurbitae Bitter gourd Mote 197
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B. cucurbitae Ccumber, ridge gourd
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Zaprionus paravittiger [Z. indianus
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B. zonata Apple, peach Solan, Himac
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B. cucurbitae B. cucurbitae B. cucu
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Section 16: Pheromone and Colour Lu
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B. dorsalis Mango Pantnagar Uttar P
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B. cucurbitae Snake gourd Banglades
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Bagle, B.G. Prasad, V.G. 1983 Effec
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Borah, S.R. Dutta, S.K. 1997 Infest
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Drew, R.A.I. Raghu, S. 2002 The fru
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Gupta, K. Anand, M. 2002 Effect of
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Kapoor, V.C. Grewal, J.S. Agarwal,
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KrishnaMoorthy, P.N. Srinivasan, K.
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Nair, S. Thomas, J. 2001 Ovipositio
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Patel, R.K. Patel, C.B. 1998 Biolog
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Rahman, S Singh, S.P.N. Agarwal, M.
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Shivarkar, D.T. Dumbre, R.B. 1985 B
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Srivastava, B.G. Pant, N.C. Chaudhr
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Wadhwani, K. Khan, N.H. 1983 Effect
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Anon. 1994 Distribution Maps of Pes
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Anon. 1998 Population dynamics of B
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