Iranians and Greeks in South Russia - Robert Bedrosian's Armenian ...

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no THE SCYTHIANS IN THE influenced by the interest taken by science and literature in the hitherto barbarian peoples who were now entering into the great family of civiUzed, that is, Hellenized nations ; which, like the idylls of Theocritus and the mimes of Herodas, was at once idylHc and realistic. An art which was glad to place itself at the disposal of foreign nations, and which gave birth to new masterpieces of pure Greek type, inspired, however, by the strange and exotic spectacle of a life both foreign arid familiar to the artists. One more reason for insisting on the Panticapaean origin of the artistic objects found in the tumuli of this group, is the geographical distribution of the tumuli themselves. The tumuli which lie nearest Panticapaeum are likewise the richest in artistic objects of Bosphoran work. One of the most splendid is the barrow of Kul-Oba, which stood in the cemetery of Panticapaeum, but which undoubtedly contained the body of a Crimean prince of Scythian blood, a vassal of the great king ; one, who Hke Skyles of old, the neighbour of Olbia, loved to spend his days in the wealthy and hospitable Greek city. It cannot be doubted that this prince was strongly Hellenized, and that he had a regular business connexion with the tyrants of Panticapaeum. The tumuli of Karagodeuashkh and of Merdjany, situated on the Kuban close to Bosphoran territory, belong to the same category. These also were the graves of petty kings, princes of Scythian extraction, who, even after the collapse of the great king's ascendancy over the region of the Kuban, retained their local authority for some time, just like the Scythian dynasty in the Dobrudzha. Finally, there is the stately group of tumuli in the districts of Taurida and Ekaterinoslav on the lower Dnieper ; which are closely akin to the barrow of Kul-Oba. I have no doubt that the vast wealth of these tumuli belonged to the family of the Scythian great kings, the overlords of the petty kings and princes mentioned above. This group, also, lies very near the kingdom of the Bosphorus. The royal family seems to have maintained a steady and intimate connexion with the Bosphoran state. In more distant places, on the middle Dnieper and on the Don, Bosphoran influence is much fainter. shall presently speak, prevail. Local products, of which we The question will be asked, what is the reason for the powerful influence exerted by Bosphoran art and commerce ? Why did the Scythian kings not fetch their weapons and their jewellery from Olbia ? The answer is simple. We have seen that Olbia suffered terribly from its exposed position and from the pressure of the Scythians upon their vassal city. Some of the Olbian families were still able to carry on a flourishing trade and to accumulate great wealth, but the conditions
3- 4-6. PLATE XXIII GOLD PLAQUE OF THE TIARA FROM THE ' K TUMULUS ON THE KUBAN AR AGOD E U A S II KIT FRAGMENTS OF THE RHYTON OF MERDJANY IN THE KUBAN REGION GOLD CLASP OF A BELT OR DIADEM FROM THE -KUL-OBA' TUMULUS, NEAR KERCH GOLD PLAQUES SEWN ON GARMENTS, FROM VARIOUS TUMULI ON THE LOWER DNIEPER IV-III Cent. B.C. Hermitage, Petrograd
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
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i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
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.««
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24 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS be
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26 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
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30 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
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36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
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38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
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40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
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' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
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THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
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PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
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so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
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PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-tra
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SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
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PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
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58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
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I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
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PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
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64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
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PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
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68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
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70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
Page 131 and 132: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
Page 133: PLATE Xy I. Engraved CHALCEDONY SCA
Page 136 and 137: 76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
Page 138 and 139: 78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
Page 141 and 142: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
Page 143: PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
Page 146 and 147: 82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
Page 148 and 149: 84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
Page 150 and 151: 86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
Page 152 and 153: 88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
Page 154 and 155: 90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
Page 156 and 157: 92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
Page 158 and 159: 94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
Page 160 and 161: 96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
Page 162 and 163: 98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
Page 165 and 166: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
Page 167 and 168: @ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
Page 169: PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
Page 172 and 173: 104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
Page 175 and 176: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
Page 177: PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
Page 180 and 181: io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
Page 185 and 186: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. iii
Page 187 and 188: THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians ar
Page 189 and 190: THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
Page 191 and 192: THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
Page 193 and 194: THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
Page 195: n ..'.._4 PLATE XXIV
Page 198 and 199: 122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
Page 200 and 201: 124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
Page 202 and 203: 126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
Page 204 and 205: 128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
Page 207 and 208: THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
Page 209 and 210: e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
Page 211 and 212: THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
Page 213 and 214: THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
Page 215: PLATE X X \' I I. CROWN 2. PERFUME
Page 218 and 219: 138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
Page 221 and 222: THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
Page 223 and 224: THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
Page 225 and 226: THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
Page 227 and 228: THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
Page 229 and 230: THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
Page 231 and 232: INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
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IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
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PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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sy /.;);> *:tv. PLATE XXX I. CLAY S
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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174 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA su
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176 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fa
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i8o GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fo
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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i86 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND in Mer
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i88 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND publis
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190 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND orname
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192 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND of met
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194 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND horse
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196 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND object
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198 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND art I
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200 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND that i
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202 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND Scythi
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THE ANIMAL STYLE 203 towards a natu
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THEANIMALSTYLE 205 Chinese graves ;
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T L A T E XXXII a2*;w -»»^* : -i:
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2o8 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND cause
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IN IX THE ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STA
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212 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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214 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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2i6 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE wer
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2i8 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE but
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220 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE In
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222 RUSSIAN STATE ON THE DNIEPER cu
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BI BLIOGR APH Y CHAPTER I. GENERAL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 I fF. ; Farmakovsk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 8. Scythian graves
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 7. The most ancien
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 9. Greco-Scythian
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 14. Siberia. N. C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 I am not sure that
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 arch. 1905 (ii), 3
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Abdera, 329. Achaeans, 61. Achaemen
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Aspurgos, king, 152, 153, 156, 166.
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objects from, 133, 142, 333 ; pirat
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Goddess, 34, 107 ; ethnological and
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Gerrhoi, 45, 95, 96. Getians, 41, 8
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Hvareno, 105. Hydra devouring a goa
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Macedonians, 86, 98. Maeanders, 199
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coins, 228 ; cults, 72, 73, 165, 17
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Rochette, Raoul-, 2. Rods, gold or
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Stirrups, 121, 130. Stones, preciou
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Ulski, tumulus, 22, 31, 41, 47, 199
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