Iranians and Greeks in South Russia - Robert Bedrosian's Armenian ...

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234 BIBLIOGRAPHY On the type of fibula for which the Germans use the term ' Fibula mit umgeschlagenem Fusse ' and which was generally used by the Goths, see Ebert's articles quoted in note 15. I lay stress on the fact that many of the tendril fibulae found on the Kuban, some of which belong to the first century A. d., present all the peculiarities of the fibula ' mit umgeschlagenem Fusse '. (e) Cauldrons (Asiatic) with family devices. C.R., 1899, fig. 96, cf. Vozdvizhenskaya, ibid. 43. figs. 77 and 78 ; Zubov'sfarm,5.C.^. i, fig. 7 ; Ust-Labinskaya, C.R., 1902, 83, fig. 183. (/) Gold bottles inset with stones. Ust-Labinskaya, C.R., 1902, 83, fig. 184 ; Olbia, - C.R., 1868, Atlas, pi. I, 10 ; and A.A. xxix (1914), p. 256, fig. 79. is) Openwork. Hellenistic and early Roman period : Besleneevskaya stanitsa, Minns, p. 58, fig. II (mounting of a rhyton) ; Kuban region, A.A., 1912, p. 325, fig. 3 (the same) ; Bori (Caucasus), M.A.R. 34, p. 96, i, 2, pi. I, 8, 9 ; cp. p. 98, 14, pi. I, 6 Novocherkassk, ; Minns, p. 234, fig. 139 (tore), compare Akhtanizovka, Minns, p. 215, fig. 118 and the figures on the Bulgarian phalarae quoted above no. 11 ; to a later period belongs the vase of violet glass in a silver openwork mounting found in the Caucasus, C.R., 1872, 144, Atlas, pi. II, 1-3 ; Kisa, Das Glas, figs. 208 and 208 a (pp. 430, 431) and p. 602 ff., where other examples of the same kind are given from Northern Europe. Openwork belt-plaques of the early Roman Empire. Kazanskaya stanitsa, C.R., 1901, 76, fig. 153. {h) Gold garment plaques. Seep. 131, fig. 17, with indication of proveniences. Besides the plaques found in datable graves, large sets of identical plaques, all bought in South Russia, mostly at Kerch, are preserved in various museums : the Louvre (a set bought in 1889, Inv. MNC 1 120 and another bought in 1920 with the Messaksudi collection) ; Metropolitan Museum at New York (some hundreds of plaques bought at Kerch). {i) Mirrors. M.A.R. 37, 72 ; Zubov's farm, B.C.A. i, 102, fig. 25 ; Armavir, C.R., 1903, 63, fig. 102. (_/') Swords of the type used in Kerch. Novokorsunskaya stanitsa, C.R., 1902, 135, figs. 240 a and 240 b ; M.A.R. 37, 51. 16. Archaeological evidence for the Dnieper region in the Roman period. Reinecke, Mainzer Zeitschrift, 1906 (i), 42 ff. ; Ebert, Prdhistorische Zeitschrift, v (1913), 80 ; the same, Baltische Studien zur Archdologie und Geschichte, Berlin, 1914, 85 ; T. Arne, Oldtiden, 1918, 207 ff. ; Det Stora Svitgod, Stockholm, 191 7, p. 7 ff. ; Rostovtzeff, Studies, p. iii. CHAPTER VII 1. History of the Bosphorus in the first century B. c. M. Rostovtzeff, ' Caesar and the South of Russia ', Journal of Roman Studies, 1917, 27 ff. ; ' Queen Dynamis of Bosphorus ', Journal of Hellenic Studies, xxxix (1919), 88. 2. History of the Bosphorus during the Roman Empire. My articles quoted by Stern, Hermes, 1., 209, note i ; cf. the ' Pontus, Bithynia, and the Bosphorus ', Annual of the British School at Athens, xxii. Military occupation of Olbia by the Romans, B.C.A. 58, i ff. Military occupation of Armenia, B.C.A. 32, i ff., and Christian Orient (in Russian), iii. 3. Political, social, and economic conditions in the Bosphorus during the first to third centuries a. d. Minns, 612 ff. Stern, Hermes, 1. (1915), 211 ff. (he quotes all my articles on this subject). Cf. K. J. Neumann, ' Romische Klientelstaaten', Historische Zeitschrift, 1917, I ff. On the titles cpiXoKaiaap and (piXopcofiaLos, R. Miinsterberg, Jahreshefte des Oester- reichischen Institutes, xviii (1913), Beiblatt, 318. 4. On the religious conditions see my articles : ' The Idea of Kingly Power in Scythia and on the Bosphorus ', B.C.A. 49 ; ' Iranism and lonism ', Historical Congress, London, 1913 ; and ' Ancient Decorative Painting in South Russia ", passim, especially the chapter on the late Panticapaean painted tombs ; compare my article on the Great Goddess in Rev. d. £t. Gr., 1921. On the names of the Great Goddess and her consort—Astara and Sanerges—see the note of Hiller von Gaertringen and E. von Stern to Dittenberger, Sylloge ', no. 216. Von Stern is inclined to compare these names rather with the Thracian names "Aorat, 'S.d.vr], "Epylvos than with the Semitic Astarte and the Hittite (?) Sandas.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 I am not sure that the name Sandas for the God of Tarsus is not also of Thracian origin. The fantastic, clay figurines which are regularly found in Panticapaean graves of the first and second century a. d. (see e. g. A.A., 1912, 345, fig. 29 ; 1913, 193 ff., figs. 32, 33 ; Minns, pp. 369, 370, fig. 268) are puzzling. They are certainly not toys : their religious significance is beyond doubt. The best analogy is furnished by Chinese clay figures of the Han dynasty (B. Laufer, Art and Archaeology, vi (1917), p. 300), which also have movable limbs. Their apotropaeic character is indicated by their being ithyphallic and playing musical instruments or clashing their swords and shields. Aiialogous figures are common in the paintings of later Panticapaean graves, mostly of the second and third centuries A. D. 5. Sarmatian system of writing. Skorpil, B.C^., 37, 23 ff. ; Minns, pp. 316-318. Similar signs on the tiaras of Sassanian kings (coins and engraved stones). On the Hittite ' hieroglyphs ', A. E. Cowley, The Hittites, London, 1920. Note that the same signs appear both at Panticapaeum in the second to third century A. D. and on the Kuban (cauldrons—ch. vi, no. 15 (e) ; gold bottles—ibid., no. 15 (f)) ; compare the mark on the rump of the horse of the Sarmatian horseman on the Yenissei (ch. vi, no. 2). 6. Relations between Panticapaeum and the cities on the southern shore of the Black Sea. I have collected the evidence. in my articles on Roman Olbia. New evidence is furnished by two inscriptions : one, from Sinope, republished by Th. Reinach, Rev. arch., 1916, p. 345, no. 7, is the funeral inscription of Julius Callinicus a compare Jos. P.E. iv. 72, from Chersonesus mentioning a certain r. Katos vavKKijpo?, Evrvxiavos vavK^apos 2tvajTrei;s (even if Eutychianus assumed the predicate NavKXapos as a second cognomen it is sufficient evidence for his profession) ; the second is the inscription of Zela (Cumont, Stud. Pontica, iii (1910), 246, no. 273, compare Th. Reinach, Rev. arch., 1920, p. 185 ff.) ; the deceased woman Chelidon is a Maeotian and her husband bore the name of IToVro?, common in the form novTLKos, &c., in the Bosphorus. 7. The polychrome style in Panticapaeum. On the sarcophagi with incrustations Rostovtzeff, Ancient Decorative Painting in South Russia, p. 213. The group of graves belonging to the family of Rhescuporis II. Minns, p. 434; Skorpil, B.C.A. 37, pp. 23 ff. The grave of 1910 was discovered in the same region as the first three : the diadem inset with garnets, Farmakovski, Archdologischer Anzeiger, 191 1, 198, and fig. 9 on p. 202. A better reproduction : Rostovtzeff, Ancient Decorative Painting in South Russia, p. 575, fig. 97; cf. p. 319. CHAPTER VIII 1. Polychrome style in jewellery. Minns, p. 282, no. 2; E. von Stern, Sitzungs- ff., pi. XXIV idem, Hermes, 1. (1915), 213 ; Reinecke, berichte der Prussia, xxi (1900), 243 ; Mainzer Zeitschrift, i (1906), 47, no. 30 ; S. Reinach, Revue archeologique, 1900 (xxxvi), 441 ff. idem, ibid., 1905, 309 ff. ; M. Ebert, ' Die Wolfsheimer Platte und die Goldschale des Khosrau ', Baltische Studien zur Archaeologie und Geschichte, Berlin, 1914, 57 ff. ; A. Gotze, ' Gothische Schnallen ' (Germanische Funde aus der Volkerwanderungszeit), Berlin, 5. d. ; idem, Mannus, i (1909), 122 ff. ; idem, Kaiserliche Museen zu Berlin, Friih-germanische Kunst, Sonderausstellung ostgothischer AltertUmer der Volkerwanderungszeit aus SUdrussland, Berlin, 1915 (2. Aufl.) ; E. Brenner, Der Stand der Forschung iiber die Kultur der Merowingerzeit, 252 ff. ; ' Die Siidrussisch-donaulandische Germanenkultur ', Kaiserliches Archaologisches Institut : VII. Bericht der romisch-germanischen Kommission, Frankfurt a. M., 1915 ; R. Zahn, Amtliche Berichte aus den koniglichen Museen, xxxviii (1916), no. i, i ff. A. Rosenberg, Monatshefte fUr Kunstwissenschaft, ix (1916) ; J. Strzygowski, Altai, Iran und ff. ; E. Male, Etudes sur I'art allemand. Revue de Paris, Volkerwanderung, Leipzig, 1917, 274 1917, cf. E. Male, Studien iiber die deutsche Kunst, herausgegeben mit Entgegnungen von . . . A. Gotze . . . Geza Supka . . . Leipzig, 1917 ; G. Kossinna, Altgermanische Kulturhdhe, Jena, 19 19. 2. ' Gothic ' find of 1904 in Kerch, and later finds in South Russia. Minns, p. 386, no. 1,2; Brenner, 1.1. : ;
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
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i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
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.««
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24 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS be
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26 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
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30 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
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36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
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38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
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40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
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' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
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THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
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PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
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so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
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PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-tra
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SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
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PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
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58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
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I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
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PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
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64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
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PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
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68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
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70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
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PLATE Xy I. Engraved CHALCEDONY SCA
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76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
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78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
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PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
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82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
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84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
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86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
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88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
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90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
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92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
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94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
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96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
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98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
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@ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
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PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
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104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
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PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
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io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
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no THE SCYTHIANS IN THE influenced
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. iii
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THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians ar
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THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
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THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
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THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
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n ..'.._4 PLATE XXIV
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122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
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124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
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126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
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128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
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THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
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e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
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THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
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THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
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PLATE X X \' I I. CROWN 2. PERFUME
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138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
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THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
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THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
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THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
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THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
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THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
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IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
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PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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sy /.;);> *:tv. PLATE XXX I. CLAY S
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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174 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA su
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176 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fa
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i8o GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fo
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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i86 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND in Mer
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i88 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND publis
Page 278 and 279: 190 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND orname
Page 280 and 281: 192 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND of met
Page 282 and 283: 194 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND horse
Page 284 and 285: 196 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND object
Page 286 and 287: 198 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND art I
Page 288 and 289: 200 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND that i
Page 290 and 291: 202 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND Scythi
Page 293 and 294: THE ANIMAL STYLE 203 towards a natu
Page 295 and 296: THEANIMALSTYLE 205 Chinese graves ;
Page 297: T L A T E XXXII a2*;w -»»^* : -i:
Page 300 and 301: 2o8 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND cause
Page 302 and 303: IN IX THE ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STA
Page 304 and 305: 212 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
Page 306 and 307: 214 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
Page 308 and 309: 2i6 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE wer
Page 310 and 311: 2i8 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE but
Page 312 and 313: 220 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE In
Page 314 and 315: 222 RUSSIAN STATE ON THE DNIEPER cu
Page 317 and 318: BI BLIOGR APH Y CHAPTER I. GENERAL
Page 319 and 320: BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 I fF. ; Farmakovsk
Page 321 and 322: BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 8. Scythian graves
Page 323 and 324: BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 7. The most ancien
Page 325 and 326: BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 9. Greco-Scythian
Page 327: BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 14. Siberia. N. C.
Page 331 and 332: BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 arch. 1905 (ii), 3
Page 333 and 334: Abdera, 329. Achaeans, 61. Achaemen
Page 335 and 336: Aspurgos, king, 152, 153, 156, 166.
Page 337 and 338: objects from, 133, 142, 333 ; pirat
Page 339 and 340: Goddess, 34, 107 ; ethnological and
Page 341 and 342: Gerrhoi, 45, 95, 96. Getians, 41, 8
Page 343 and 344: Hvareno, 105. Hydra devouring a goa
Page 345 and 346: Macedonians, 86, 98. Maeanders, 199
Page 347 and 348: coins, 228 ; cults, 72, 73, 165, 17
Page 349 and 350: Rochette, Raoul-, 2. Rods, gold or
Page 351 and 352: Stirrups, 121, 130. Stones, preciou
Page 353 and 354: Ulski, tumulus, 22, 31, 41, 47, 199
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