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112 THE SCYTHIANS It is very difficult to say where these objects were manufactured. Some of them may have been produced by local workmen or by Greek immigrants in the native settlements, others by itinerant craftsmen wandering with their tools from place to place, working here and there to order, and using the raw material provided by their customers. In any case, the quantity of objects bears witness to the importance of the industry and to the wide circulation of its products.
THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians are first mentioned by Greek writers as a people which advanced to the middle Don in the second half of the fourth century. Since little was known about the new-comers at the time, and since their name closely resembled that of the Sauromatians, who had long dwelt on the lower Don and on the shores of the Sea of Azov, Greek historians and geographers were misled by the similarity of appellation into identifying the two peoples, a confusion which has given rise to countless misunderstandings. Herodotus and the pseudo-Hippocrates give descriptions of the Sauromatians. Of the Sarmatians, the historians of the Roman period, who knew them on the banks of the Danube and in the Caucasus, Tacitus, Valerius Flaccus, Arrian, Pausanias, Ammianus Marcellinus have left us a picture which though fragmentary is highly finished in parts. Now the two descriptions are completely different, and precisely in the most important and characteristic points. The Sauromatians impressed the Greeks by a notable peculiarity of their social system : matriarchy, or rather survivals of it : the participation of women in war and in government, the preponderance of woman in the political, military and religious life of the community. Among the Sarmatians, as far as we know, there was nothing of the kind. They were a warrior tribe like the Scythians, nomads with a military organization ; hunters and shepherds. They fought many a battle with the Roman legions : but it is nowhere said that women appeared in the ranks of their army, or that women played any part in their political life. We may take it, then, that the Sauromatians had nothing to do with the Sarmatians, that the Sauromatians were probably conquered by the Sarmatians and then disappeared from history, only surviving in historic tradition : writers like Ammianus Marcellinus attempting to combine literary references to the Sauromatians, with later accounts of the warlike Sarmatians, formidable opponents of Imperial Rome. When first we meet them, the Sarmatians appear as a series of separate groups moving westward in uninterrupted succession. With the details of the movement we are but ill acquainted, for the references in the historians of the Roman republic and empire are few and 2353 Q —
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
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i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
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.««
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24 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS be
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26 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
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30 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
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36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
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38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
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40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
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' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
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THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
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PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
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so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
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PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-tra
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SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
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PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
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58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
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I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
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PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
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64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
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PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
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68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
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70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
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PLATE Xy I. Engraved CHALCEDONY SCA
Page 136 and 137: 76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
Page 138 and 139: 78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
Page 141 and 142: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
Page 143: PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
Page 146 and 147: 82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
Page 148 and 149: 84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
Page 150 and 151: 86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
Page 152 and 153: 88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
Page 154 and 155: 90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
Page 156 and 157: 92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
Page 158 and 159: 94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
Page 160 and 161: 96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
Page 162 and 163: 98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
Page 165 and 166: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
Page 167 and 168: @ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
Page 169: PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
Page 172 and 173: 104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
Page 175 and 176: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
Page 177: PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
Page 180 and 181: io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
Page 182 and 183: no THE SCYTHIANS IN THE influenced
Page 185: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. iii
Page 189 and 190: THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
Page 191 and 192: THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
Page 193 and 194: THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
Page 195: n ..'.._4 PLATE XXIV
Page 198 and 199: 122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
Page 200 and 201: 124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
Page 202 and 203: 126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
Page 204 and 205: 128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
Page 207 and 208: THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
Page 209 and 210: e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
Page 211 and 212: THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
Page 213 and 214: THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
Page 215: PLATE X X \' I I. CROWN 2. PERFUME
Page 218 and 219: 138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
Page 221 and 222: THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
Page 223 and 224: THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
Page 225 and 226: THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
Page 227 and 228: THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
Page 229 and 230: THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
Page 231 and 232: INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
Page 233 and 234: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
Page 235 and 236: INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
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PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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sy /.;);> *:tv. PLATE XXX I. CLAY S
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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174 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA su
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176 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fa
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i8o GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fo
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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i86 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND in Mer
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i88 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND publis
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190 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND orname
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192 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND of met
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194 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND horse
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196 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND object
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198 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND art I
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200 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND that i
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202 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND Scythi
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THE ANIMAL STYLE 203 towards a natu
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THEANIMALSTYLE 205 Chinese graves ;
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T L A T E XXXII a2*;w -»»^* : -i:
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2o8 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND cause
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IN IX THE ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STA
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212 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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214 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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2i6 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE wer
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2i8 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE but
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220 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE In
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222 RUSSIAN STATE ON THE DNIEPER cu
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BI BLIOGR APH Y CHAPTER I. GENERAL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 I fF. ; Farmakovsk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 8. Scythian graves
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 7. The most ancien
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 9. Greco-Scythian
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 14. Siberia. N. C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 I am not sure that
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 arch. 1905 (ii), 3
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Abdera, 329. Achaeans, 61. Achaemen
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Aspurgos, king, 152, 153, 156, 166.
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objects from, 133, 142, 333 ; pirat
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Goddess, 34, 107 ; ethnological and
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Gerrhoi, 45, 95, 96. Getians, 41, 8
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Hvareno, 105. Hydra devouring a goa
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Macedonians, 86, 98. Maeanders, 199
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coins, 228 ; cults, 72, 73, 165, 17
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Rochette, Raoul-, 2. Rods, gold or
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Stirrups, 121, 130. Stones, preciou
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Ulski, tumulus, 22, 31, 41, 47, 199
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