230 BIBLIOGRAPHY (b) Darius <strong>and</strong> the Sacians (<strong>in</strong>scription of Naksh-i-Rustam). Sarre <strong>and</strong> Herzfeld, Iranische FelsreUefs{igio), chaps. II <strong>and</strong> III, <strong>and</strong> supplement, p. 251 ; F.U.Weisshach.,Berichted.sach- sischen Gesellschaft, 1910 (62), i,<strong>and</strong> Abh<strong>and</strong>lungen der K. Sdchsischen Gesellschaft, Phil.-hist. KL, xxix (191 1), Die Keil<strong>in</strong>schriften am Grabedes Darius Hystaspes ; the same, Die Keil<strong>in</strong>schriften der Achdmeniden, Vorderasiatische Bibliothek, Leipzig, 191 1. The mention of the over-sea Sacians <strong>and</strong> the Sacians <strong>in</strong> the supplement to the <strong>in</strong>scription of Bisutun (Weissbach, Die Keil<strong>in</strong>schriften der Achdmeniden, p. 73, §74) is usually (Herzfeld, 198 ; Prasek, ii. 93) taken as referr<strong>in</strong>g to the expedition of Darius <strong>in</strong> <strong>South</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>, compare Hoffmann-Kutschke, Recueil des travaux, 1908, 140. (c) On the ethnographical questions. E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, i. 2^, § 578, p. 905 ff. Atheniens dans le Chersonese 2. The K<strong>in</strong>gdom of the Odrysians. P. Foucart, ' Les de Thrace au IV^s., Mem. de I'Acad. d. Tnscr., xnxviiu i (1909), 80 ff. ; J. Kazarow, Beitrdge zur Kulturgeschichte der Thraker, Sarajevo, 1916 ; the same, Hellenism <strong>in</strong> ancient Thracia <strong>and</strong> Macedon, Annual of the University of Sofia, xiii-xiv (1920) (<strong>in</strong> Bulgarian) ; Lenschau, (Bursian's) Jahresb. des Kl. Altert. 178 (1919), 182 ff. 3. Scythian objects <strong>in</strong> Thracian tumuli. B. Filow, ' Denkmaler der thrakischen Kunst ', Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung, xxxii (1917), i ff., compare G. Kazarow, Beitrdge zur Kulturgeschichte der Thraker, Sarajevo, 1916 {Zur Kunde der Balkanhalb<strong>in</strong>sel, II, Quellen u. Forschungen), 87, 94 ff. 4. The Celts <strong>in</strong> the Balkan pen<strong>in</strong>sula. M<strong>in</strong>ns, 126 ; Niese <strong>in</strong> Pauly-Wissovira-Kroll, R.E. vii, 618, compare Br<strong>and</strong>is, ibid., 522 ; G. Kazarow, ' Celts <strong>in</strong> Thracia <strong>and</strong> Macedonia ', Transactions of the Bulgarian Academy, xviii (1919). Bastarnae. A. Bauer, ' Die Herkunft der Bastarnev \ Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, 185, 2, Wien 1918, compare L. Schmidt, Berl<strong>in</strong>er philologische Wochenschrift, 1919, 106. 5. On the rema<strong>in</strong>s of the fortified cities of the native population <strong>in</strong> the regions of the Dnieper, the Bug, the Dniester, <strong>and</strong> the Don (gorodishche's), M<strong>in</strong>ns, 147 ff., 175 ; Spitsyn, ' Scythia <strong>and</strong> Hallstatt', Miscellany <strong>in</strong> honour of Count A. Bobr<strong>in</strong>skoy (excavations <strong>in</strong> the gorodishche of Nemirov <strong>in</strong> Podolia), St. Petersburg, 191 1 ; the same, B C.A., 65 (1918), 87ff. 6. _ Barrows of the seventh to fourth century on the Middle Dnieper. Archaeological material. Count A. Bobr<strong>in</strong>skoy, Barrows <strong>and</strong> chance Archaeological F<strong>in</strong>ds about the Town of Smela, vol. i (1887), ii (1894), iii (1902). Samokvasov, The Graves Moscow, 1908 ; of the <strong>Russia</strong>n L<strong>and</strong>, General Br<strong>and</strong>enburg, Reports on his own excavations, Petersburg, 1908 B. <strong>and</strong> V. Khanenko, Antiquities of the Region of the Dnieper Bas<strong>in</strong>, vols, i, ii, iii, <strong>and</strong> vi M<strong>in</strong>ns, 175. Attempts at classification. V. Chvojka, The Ancient Dwellers on the Middle Dnieper, Kiev, 1913 ; A. Spitsyn, B.C.A. 65 (1918), 87 ff., ' The Barrows of the " ploughmen" Scythians.' M. Rostovtzeff, Studies of the History of Scythia <strong>and</strong> the Bosphorus, i, p. iii. 7. Barrows of the fourth to third century B. c. <strong>in</strong> the Dnieper region. {a) Lower Dnieper. M<strong>in</strong>ns, 152-71 (Lower Dnieper <strong>and</strong> the Government of Taurida) for the Deev barrow, compare M. Rostovtzeff, B.C.A. 63 (1912), 78. Later excavations : Solokha, N. Veselosvki, C.R. 1912 <strong>and</strong> 1913-19 (with bibliography) ; S. Polovtsov, Revue archeologique, 1914 ; Svoronos, ' Explication des tresors de la tombe royale de Solokha ', Journal <strong>in</strong>ternational d'archeologie numismatique, xvii (1915), 3 ff. (cf. S. Re<strong>in</strong>ach, Revue arcMologique, 1916, 310; M. Rostovtzeff, 'Learned Fantasies', B.C.A. 65 (1918), 72); Rossbach, Berl<strong>in</strong>er philologische Wochenschrift, 1914, 1311. ChemayaDol<strong>in</strong>a. N. Makarenko, Hermes (<strong>Russia</strong>n), 1916, 267. Other barrows excavated after 191 1. M. Rostovtzeff, J'oMJ'Ma/ des Savants, 1920. (b) Middle Dnieper. Darievka <strong>and</strong> Ryzhanovka, M<strong>in</strong>ns, 177-80, compare Samokvasov, Graves of the <strong>Russia</strong>n L<strong>and</strong>, 71; Government of Poltava, M<strong>in</strong>ns, 180 ff., compare Samokvasov, 1.1.; Novoselki (government of Kiev, district of Lipovets), A. Bydlovski, Svyatovit, 1904 (v), 59 ff. ; Rostovtzeff, B.C.A. 63, 81, i. 8. Date of this group. E. von Stern, i/erwe^,!. (1915), 192 ff. ; cf.M.^.i?. 34(1914). 91, <strong>and</strong> B.C.A. 58. ;
BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 9. Greco-Scythian settlements. Goszkiewicz, B.C.A. 47, 117; E'bert, Prahistorische Zeitschrift, v. 81. Idea of Royal Power <strong>in</strong> Scythia <strong>and</strong> on the The 10. Scythian religion. M. Rostovtzeff, ' Bosphorus', B.C.A. 49, <strong>and</strong> addenda ibid.; the same, ' Iranism <strong>and</strong> lonism', London Historical Congress, 1913 ; the same, Revue des Etudes Grecques, 1921 (jubilee volume). Thracian engraved r<strong>in</strong>g. B. Filovi^, Romische Mitteilungen, 1917 (xxxii), 4, fig. 1 ; another almost identical r<strong>in</strong>g found <strong>in</strong> Adrianople <strong>and</strong> now <strong>in</strong> the Louvre, not quoted by Filow, Le Musee, iii. 332, fig. 18 ; Rostovtzeff, Ancient Decorative Pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>South</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>, 516, fig. On Herakles as parent of the Scythian tribes. Hes. Cat. ; Oxy. Pap. xi. 1358, 2, 15-19 ; Th. Re<strong>in</strong>ach, Revue des Etudes Grecques, 1915 (xxix), 120. Enareans. W. R. Halliday, ' A Note on the 6r\kiia vova-o^ of the Scythians', Annual of the British School at Athens, xvii. 95. The sacred oath. M<strong>in</strong>ns, 203, fig. 98 = A.B.C. xxxii, 10, <strong>and</strong> 197, fig. 90 = A.B.C. xxxii. I. 11. The dom<strong>in</strong>ant tribe among the Scythians. Th. Re<strong>in</strong>ach, Revue des Etudes Grecques, 1916 (xxix), II. 12. Economic life. Hahn ', Studien u. Forschungen zur Menschen- und Volkerkunde, herausgegeben von-G. Buschan, Stuttgart, 1917, cf. H. Philipp, Berl<strong>in</strong>er philologische Wochenschrift, 1919, p. 386 ff. ' I^KvOai apoTrjpes <strong>and</strong> yecopyoC,' Vogel <strong>in</strong> ' Festschrift fiir Eduard 13. Vases with scenes from life <strong>in</strong> a Scythian camp. M. Rostovtzeff, M.A.R. 34 (1914), 79-93- 14. Panticapaean artistic school. M. Rostovtzeff, B.C.A. 65, 72 ff. Compare e.g. the scenes on the silver vases from Solokha (pi. XX, i, 2) with the monuments analysed by P. Perdrizet, ' Venatio Alex<strong>and</strong>ri ', Journ. of Hell. St. xix (1899), p. 273 ff., pi. XI <strong>and</strong> W<strong>in</strong>ter, Der Alex<strong>and</strong>ersarkophag von Sidon, 1912. CHAPTER VI 1. Sarmatians <strong>and</strong> Sauromatians. My article <strong>in</strong> Revue des Etudes Grecques, 32 (1921), p. 470. 2. Sarmatians <strong>and</strong> Alans. Miillenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde, iii, passim, chap. 102 ff. M<strong>in</strong>ns, ii7ff. ; W. Tomaschek, art. Alani <strong>in</strong> Pauly-Wissowa, R.E. ; J. Kulakovski, The Alans accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Testimonies of Classical <strong>and</strong> Byzant<strong>in</strong>e Writers, Kiev, 1899. E. Taubler, ' Zur Geschichte der Alanen', Klio„ ix (1909), 14 ff. ; M. Rostovtzeff, History of Decorative Pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>South</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>, 340 ff. Their dress <strong>and</strong> weapons. Rostovtzeff, ibid. 326 ff. ibid., the extant ancient monuments represent<strong>in</strong>g Sarmatians : add to this list a figure of a Sarmatian horseman—a perfect counterpart of the Sarmato-Bosphoran horsemen <strong>in</strong> the Panticapaean pa<strong>in</strong>ted tombs (pi. XXIX)—carved on a rock on the banks of the river Yenissei <strong>in</strong> Siberia: often published, e.g. Inscriptions de /'ymwez, HeJs<strong>in</strong>gfors, 1889, cp. B. Laufer, Ch<strong>in</strong>ese Clay Figures, i, Chicago, 1914, 222, fig. 35. The Yenissei carv<strong>in</strong>gs testify to the last<strong>in</strong>g occupation of a large part of Western <strong>and</strong> Central Siberia by the Sarmatian tribes. Sarmato-Roman soldiers wear<strong>in</strong>g Sarmatian arms (note especially the conical helmet) are often represented on late Roman <strong>and</strong> early Byzant<strong>in</strong>e historical reliefs. Besides the arch of Galerius (a. d. : 297 lately discussed by O. Wulff, Altchristliche u. Byzant<strong>in</strong>ische Kunst, i (1914), p. 160 ff., compare E. Hebrard, Bull, de Corr. Hell., xliv (1920), 5 ff., on the new excavations conducted dur<strong>in</strong>g the war), I would mention a wooden capital from Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, of the fifth to sixth century a.d., which represents a besieged city (O. Wulff, Kon. Mus. Berl<strong>in</strong>, Beschr. der Bildwerke der christl. Epoche, iii, Altchristliche etc. Bildwerke, i (1909), no. 243, p. 80 ff., pi. VI), <strong>and</strong> the bronze plaque from the throne (?) of the Lombard K<strong>in</strong>g Agilulf(A.D. 590-616) found at Val di Nievole <strong>in</strong> Tuscany (O. Rossbach, Neuejahrb.f. kl. Altertum, xxxi (1913), 269 ff.). 3. Scythians <strong>in</strong> the Dobrudzha. J. Weiss, ' Die Dobrudscha im Altertum ' {Zur Kunde der Balkanhalb<strong>in</strong>sel, II, Quellen und Forschungen, 12). Co<strong>in</strong>s of Scythian k<strong>in</strong>gs of the Dobrudzha k<strong>in</strong>gdom. J. Weiss, 1.1., cf. M. Soutzo <strong>in</strong> the Transactions of the Academy, 1916, <strong>and</strong> A. Oreshnikov <strong>in</strong> Moscow Numismatic Miscellany, iii (1916). Rumanian ;
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
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i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
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26 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
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30 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
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36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
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38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
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40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
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' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
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THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
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PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
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so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
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PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-tra
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SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
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PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
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58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
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I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
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PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
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64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
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PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
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68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
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70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
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76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
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78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
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PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
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82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
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84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
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86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
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88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
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90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
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92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
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94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
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96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
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98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
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@ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
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PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
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104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
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PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
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io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
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no THE SCYTHIANS IN THE influenced
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. iii
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THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians ar
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THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
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THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
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THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
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n ..'.._4 PLATE XXIV
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122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
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124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
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126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
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128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
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THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
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e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
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THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
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THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
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PLATE X X \' I I. CROWN 2. PERFUME
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138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
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THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
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THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
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THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
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THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
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THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
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IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
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PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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sy /.;);> *:tv. PLATE XXX I. CLAY S
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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174 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA su
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176 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fa
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i8o GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fo
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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