Iranians and Greeks in South Russia - Robert Bedrosian's Armenian ...

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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-trappings : prodigious numbers of horses were buried with the dead. In these there is a tendency, unknown in the sixth century, to transform the animals into palmettes and other floral ornaments (see fig. 21, c,F, G, and fig. 22, A, B, E, in chapter VIII). I have already stated, that the native graves in the cemetery of Nymphaeum, the graves of the hellenized Scythians of the Crimea, present the same characteristics as the tumuli of the Seven Brothers, and belong to the same period, the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. The fourth century brings no change on the Kuban, beyond the continual growth of Greek influence, which even shows itself in the choice of armour : for example, besides the Greek helmets, greaves and Greek corslets come into vogue. A fine specimen of a Greek breastplate was recently found by Veselovski in a tumulus in the village of Elizavetinskaya (pi. XIV). The head of Medusa which, decorates it looks archaic, but is merely archaistic, and belongs to the end of the first half of the fourth century. We must observe, that at the end of the fifth century and the beginning of the fourth strong Athenian influence makes itself felt, not only in the style of the jewel- lery, but also through steadily increasing importation of Attic pottery. The Scythian chieftains had a special liking for the large Panathenaic vases with their representations of athletic contests and their majestic figures of the warrior goddess Athena. A specimen was found in the grave which I have just mentioned. But Greek influence was not able to kill the Scythian style, which always predominates in horse-trappings. The Scythian style is elaborated and developed, but it remains purely Asiatic. It presents us with strange combinations of floral and animal motives, the animals prevailing. I shall treat the subject at greater length in my eighth chapter. The bronze objects in this style were not the work of Greek craftsmen : a Greek might lay hold of the forms and accept the decorative principle, but he could never create such purely Oriental objects as the bridle plaques from the barrows of the Kuban and the Crimea. Two currents can be detected : one from the south, from Mesopotamia; the other from the north, where in the forests and marshes elk and reindeer fought with the famished wolves : all three animals were unknown to Greek decorative art. The artists were natives, and they are just as likely to have worked in the steppes of the Caucasus as in the Greek towns of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. To conclude. The Scythian civilization of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. is already completely formed in the sixth century. It is an aristocratic civilization of nomadic chiefs, mixed and composite. Besides the native element, primitive, but elaborate, even refined,
PLATE IX I. GOLD PECTORAL OF A SCALE-CORSLET. VI CENT. B.C. From Kelernies, Kuban. Hermitage, Pelrograd 2. GOLD ORNAMENTS INLAID WITH AMBER. \' I CEN From Kelermes, Kuban. Hermitage, Petrograd r B.C.
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
Page 48 and 49: i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
Page 50 and 51: i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
Page 53 and 54: THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
Page 55 and 56: THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
Page 57: .««
Page 60 and 61: 24 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS be
Page 62 and 63: 26 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
Page 64 and 65: 28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
Page 66 and 67: 30 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
Page 68 and 69: 32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
Page 70 and 71: 34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
Page 72 and 73: 36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
Page 74 and 75: 38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
Page 76 and 77: 40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
Page 79 and 80: SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
Page 81 and 82: SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
Page 83 and 84: ' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
Page 85 and 86: THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
Page 87: PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
Page 90 and 91: so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
Page 93 and 94: SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
Page 95: PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
Page 101 and 102: SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
Page 103: PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
Page 106 and 107: 58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
Page 109 and 110: SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
Page 111 and 112: I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
Page 113: PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
Page 116 and 117: 64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
Page 119 and 120: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
Page 121: PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
Page 124 and 125: 68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
Page 126 and 127: 70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
Page 129 and 130: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
Page 131 and 132: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
Page 133: PLATE Xy I. Engraved CHALCEDONY SCA
Page 136 and 137: 76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
Page 138 and 139: 78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
Page 141 and 142: SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
Page 143: PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
Page 146 and 147: 82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
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84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
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86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
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88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
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90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
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92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
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94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
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96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
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98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
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@ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
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PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
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104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
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PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
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io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
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no THE SCYTHIANS IN THE influenced
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. iii
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THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians ar
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THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
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THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
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THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
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n ..'.._4 PLATE XXIV
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122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
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124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
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126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
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128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
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THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
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e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
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THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
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THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
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PLATE X X \' I I. CROWN 2. PERFUME
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138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
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THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
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THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
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THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
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THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
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THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
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IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
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PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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sy /.;);> *:tv. PLATE XXX I. CLAY S
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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174 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA su
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176 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fa
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i8o GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fo
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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i86 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND in Mer
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i88 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND publis
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190 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND orname
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192 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND of met
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194 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND horse
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196 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND object
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198 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND art I
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200 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND that i
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202 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND Scythi
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THE ANIMAL STYLE 203 towards a natu
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THEANIMALSTYLE 205 Chinese graves ;
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T L A T E XXXII a2*;w -»»^* : -i:
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2o8 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND cause
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IN IX THE ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STA
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212 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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214 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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2i6 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE wer
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2i8 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE but
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220 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE In
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222 RUSSIAN STATE ON THE DNIEPER cu
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BI BLIOGR APH Y CHAPTER I. GENERAL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 I fF. ; Farmakovsk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 8. Scythian graves
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 7. The most ancien
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 9. Greco-Scythian
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 14. Siberia. N. C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 I am not sure that
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 arch. 1905 (ii), 3
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Abdera, 329. Achaeans, 61. Achaemen
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Aspurgos, king, 152, 153, 156, 166.
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objects from, 133, 142, 333 ; pirat
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Goddess, 34, 107 ; ethnological and
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Gerrhoi, 45, 95, 96. Getians, 41, 8
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Hvareno, 105. Hydra devouring a goa
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Macedonians, 86, 98. Maeanders, 199
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coins, 228 ; cults, 72, 73, 165, 17
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Rochette, Raoul-, 2. Rods, gold or
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Stirrups, 121, 130. Stones, preciou
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Ulski, tumulus, 22, 31, 41, 47, 199
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