Iranians and Greeks in South Russia - Robert Bedrosian's Armenian ...

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I20 THESARMATIANS literary documents and inscriptions teach us about their state, their manners and their beliefs ? Very little. They were doubtless governed, like the Aorsians and the Siracians in 49, by princes or kings. But nothing is known, either about the power of these rulers, or about the social structure of the state. To judge from a few words in Arrian, the system was tribal and feudal, the component parts of each tribe being governed by sceptre-bearers, a-KrjirTovxoL. We would gladly know, if the Alans succeeded, as the Scythians succeeded, in creating a united state with a hereditary dynasty : but it is doubtful, whether they did or not. We learn a little more about their attitude towards the Greek towns. Like the Scythians while the Scythians were masters of the Russian steppes, they had never any intention of vanquishing or annihilating the Greek cities. Even Olbia, which was destroyed by the Getians, weak as she was and exposed on every side, was never occupied by the Sarmatians. From the first to the third century A.D., her enemies were not the Sarmatians, but the Scythians of the Crimea. It is true that after the union of the Sarmatians with the Goths, the united tribes altered their method and began to conquer and destroy the Greek cities, such as Olbia and probably Tanais. But even then they preserved Panticapaeum with its social and political structure intact. We shall see in the following chapter that they preferred to percolate into the populations of the Greek cities and to Sarmatize them gradually, adopting, however, the Greek language and some of the Greek customs. This must be taken into account in our estimate of Sarmatian civilization. As to the Greek cities as such, the Sarmatians were content to preserve them and to use them as commercial agents. Like the Scythians, they had a high opinion of Greek civilization, and of Greek goods : wine, oil, jewels, pottery, glass and metal vases. The Greek towns on the Black Sea kept their position as centres of production and exportation. They continued to work for customers in the South Russian steppes. The Sarmatians, as described by Greek and Roman authors, did not greatly differ from the Scythians. They were Iranians, as we said above : perhaps of purer blood than the Scythians, who had probably incorporated certain Mongolian tribes into their political and military organization. The affinity between Scythians and Sarmatians is demonstrated by common features in their clothing, armour, ethnographic type, and social and political structure : it is generally accepted, and I shall not dwell upon it. More interesting are the differences between the two
n ..'.._4 PLATE XXIV
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
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i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
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.««
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24 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS be
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26 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
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30 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
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36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
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38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
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40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
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' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
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THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
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PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
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so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
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PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-tra
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SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
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PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
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58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
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I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
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PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
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64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
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PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
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68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
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70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
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PLATE Xy I. Engraved CHALCEDONY SCA
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76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
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78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
Page 143: PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
Page 146 and 147: 82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
Page 148 and 149: 84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
Page 150 and 151: 86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
Page 152 and 153: 88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
Page 154 and 155: 90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
Page 156 and 157: 92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
Page 158 and 159: 94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
Page 160 and 161: 96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
Page 162 and 163: 98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
Page 165 and 166: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
Page 167 and 168: @ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
Page 169: PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
Page 172 and 173: 104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
Page 175 and 176: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
Page 177: PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
Page 180 and 181: io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
Page 182 and 183: no THE SCYTHIANS IN THE influenced
Page 185 and 186: FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. iii
Page 187 and 188: THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians ar
Page 189 and 190: THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
Page 191 and 192: THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
Page 193: THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
Page 198 and 199: 122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
Page 200 and 201: 124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
Page 202 and 203: 126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
Page 204 and 205: 128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
Page 207 and 208: THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
Page 209 and 210: e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
Page 211 and 212: THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
Page 213 and 214: THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
Page 215: PLATE X X \' I I. CROWN 2. PERFUME
Page 218 and 219: 138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
Page 221 and 222: THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
Page 223 and 224: THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
Page 225 and 226: THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
Page 227 and 228: THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
Page 229 and 230: THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
Page 231 and 232: INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
Page 233 and 234: IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
Page 235 and 236: INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
Page 237 and 238: INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
Page 239 and 240: INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
Page 241 and 242: INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
Page 243: PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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sy /.;);> *:tv. PLATE XXX I. CLAY S
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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174 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA su
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176 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fa
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i8o GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA fo
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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i86 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND in Mer
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i88 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND publis
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190 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND orname
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192 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND of met
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194 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND horse
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196 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND object
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198 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND art I
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200 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND that i
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202 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND Scythi
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THE ANIMAL STYLE 203 towards a natu
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THEANIMALSTYLE 205 Chinese graves ;
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T L A T E XXXII a2*;w -»»^* : -i:
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2o8 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND cause
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IN IX THE ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STA
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212 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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214 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE pla
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2i6 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE wer
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2i8 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE but
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220 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE In
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222 RUSSIAN STATE ON THE DNIEPER cu
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BI BLIOGR APH Y CHAPTER I. GENERAL
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 I fF. ; Farmakovsk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 8. Scythian graves
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 7. The most ancien
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 9. Greco-Scythian
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 14. Siberia. N. C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 I am not sure that
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 arch. 1905 (ii), 3
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Abdera, 329. Achaeans, 61. Achaemen
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Aspurgos, king, 152, 153, 156, 166.
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objects from, 133, 142, 333 ; pirat
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Goddess, 34, 107 ; ethnological and
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Gerrhoi, 45, 95, 96. Getians, 41, 8
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Hvareno, 105. Hydra devouring a goa
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Macedonians, 86, 98. Maeanders, 199
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coins, 228 ; cults, 72, 73, 165, 17
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Rochette, Raoul-, 2. Rods, gold or
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Stirrups, 121, 130. Stones, preciou
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Ulski, tumulus, 22, 31, 41, 47, 199
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