238 BIBLIOGRAPHY Chicago, 1914 ; S<strong>in</strong>o-Iranica, Chicago, 1919 Museum of Natural History <strong>in</strong> Chicago, Anthropological Series). 17. Supposed <strong>in</strong>fluence of Ch<strong>in</strong>a on <strong>South</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>. Re<strong>in</strong>ecke, Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, xxviii (1896), i ff. <strong>and</strong> xxix (1892), 141 ff. ; Munsterberg, 1.1., i, 36 S. ; M<strong>in</strong>ns, 280. (all, except the first, publications of the Field 18. The ' Siberian ' plaques <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a. M<strong>in</strong>ns, 280 ; Sfr Hercules Read, Man, 1917, I ff., pi. A ; Bullet<strong>in</strong> of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, June 1918, 135 ff. 19. Scythian <strong>in</strong>fluence on Central <strong>and</strong> Eastern <strong>Russia</strong>. A. M. Tallgren, Die Kupfer- und Bronzezeit <strong>in</strong> Nord- und Ostrussl<strong>and</strong> : I. Die Kupfer- und Bronzezeit <strong>in</strong> Nordwestrussl<strong>and</strong>. Die altere Metallzeit <strong>in</strong> Ostrussl<strong>and</strong>, Hels<strong>in</strong>gfors, 191 1 ; //. L'epoque dite d'Anan<strong>in</strong>o dans la Russie orientale, Hels<strong>in</strong>gfors, 1919 (with full bibliography), cf. au Mus^e historique de F<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong>e a Hels<strong>in</strong>gfors, Hels<strong>in</strong>gfors, 1918. idem. Collection Zaoussailov 20. Animal style <strong>in</strong> the Perm district. Hj. Appelgren-Kivalo, ' Die Grundziige des skythisch-permischen Ornamentstiles ', Suomen Mu<strong>in</strong>aismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakanskirja (Journal of the F<strong>in</strong>nish Archaeological Society), xxvi (1912) ; idem, ' The Ma<strong>in</strong> Features of the Scytho-Permian Ornamental Style ' (<strong>in</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>n) , Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Fifteenth Archaeological Congress at Novgorod, 1914, vol. i ; A. Spitsyn, 'Antiquities of the Chud folk on the Kama <strong>in</strong> the Teploiikhov Collection ', M.A.R. 26, St. Petersburg, 1902 (<strong>in</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>n). 21. North German animal style. B. Sal<strong>in</strong>, Die altgermanische Thierornamentik, Stock- ' holm, 1904 ; Appelgren-Kivalo, Om den s. k. Karol<strong>in</strong>giska stilens ursprung ' (On the Orig<strong>in</strong> of the so-called Carol<strong>in</strong>gian Style), Opuscula archaeologica O. Montelio dicata, 1913 ; Br0gger, Oseberg-skibet, Cristiania (vol. i, 1918 ; vpl. iii, 1920). CHAPTER IX The current view which denies the existence of any l<strong>in</strong>k connect<strong>in</strong>g the history of Slavonic <strong>and</strong> the history of pre-Slavonic <strong>Russia</strong> or rather the possibility of f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g such l<strong>in</strong>ks is expressed <strong>in</strong> the lead<strong>in</strong>g works on <strong>Russia</strong>n history, e. g. V. O. Kluchevski, A History of <strong>Russia</strong> (transl. by C. J. Hogarth), vol. i (London <strong>and</strong> New York, 191 1) ; S. Platonov, Lectures on <strong>Russia</strong>n History, Petrograd, 1917 (the latest edition accessible to me), &c. D. Bagalei's po<strong>in</strong>t of view, <strong>in</strong> his History of <strong>Russia</strong>, Charkov, 1912, is different but his treatment of the two periods is apposition not connexion. The same must be said of the works of Hrushevski on the history of the Ukra<strong>in</strong>e (M. HruSevsky, Geschichte des Ukra<strong>in</strong>ischen Volkes, i, Leipsic, 1906, cp. Abrege de I'histoire de I'Ukra<strong>in</strong>e, Paris, 1920). The only scholars who have felt (rather than proved) this connexion are the archaeologists, e. g. Zabel<strong>in</strong> {History of <strong>Russia</strong>n Life) <strong>and</strong> Kondakov. Compare my forthcom<strong>in</strong>g article, ' Les orig<strong>in</strong>es de la Russie Kievienne ', Revue des Etudes Slaves, 1922. For the archaeological data on which my summary is based, see the preced<strong>in</strong>g chapters. For the Germans on the Dnieper, see the works of Arne quoted on ch. vi, no. 16. :
Abdera, 329. Achaeans, 61. Achaemenides, 149. Achilles, White Isl<strong>and</strong> of, 36. Ac<strong>in</strong>aces, 129. Acropolis of Panticapaeum, 10. Adrianople, 230. Adriatic Sea, 16. Aegean civilization, 15, 61, 193 ; isl<strong>and</strong>s, 32 ; sea, 147, 152, 153. Aeg<strong>in</strong>a, 228. Aeg<strong>in</strong>etan st<strong>and</strong>ard, 228. Aeolian art, ; 49 colonies, 55. Aeschylus, 37. Africa, North, 119, 131, 141, 186, 187, 190, 235. 236. Agamemnon, 61. Agate, 129. Agathyrsians, 107. Agilulf, k<strong>in</strong>g, 231. Agrippa, 151, 153. Agnppea, 157. Ahuramazda, 104, 180. Aia, 62. INDEX Aietes, k<strong>in</strong>g, 18. Ai-Todor, 155, 163, 236. Akhtanizovka (Akhtanizovskaya Stanitsa), tumulus, 127, 131, 136, 138, 189,232,233. I Akkerman, 221. Alabastron, 175. Alans, 114, 116-21, 139, 143, 146,203, 217, White Alans, v. Roxalans. 218, 231, 236 ; Alcibiades, 67. Alex<strong>and</strong>er the Great, 70, 84, 86, 98, 109, 151 portraits, ; 204 ; sarcophagus, iii. Alex<strong>and</strong>ria, 151, 231, 233. Alex<strong>and</strong>rian glass, 128, 133. Alex<strong>and</strong>ropol, tumulus, 4, 56, 95, 102, 138. Alphabetical signs, Sarmatian, 130, 140, V. Monograms. 167, 234 ; Alp<strong>in</strong>e prov<strong>in</strong>ces, 215. Altai Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, 32, 124, 197, 202. Amage, queen, 156. Amazons, 33, 34, 37, 225 ; 37- Amber, 50, 57, 59, 132, 142. Amethyst, 135. representations, Amisos, 10, 63, 67, 82, 162. Ammianus Marcell<strong>in</strong>us, 13, AmphipoHs, 88. 113. Amphorae, for w<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> oil, silver, 232. Anacharsis, 65. Anaitis, 11, 104. Anany<strong>in</strong>o, f<strong>in</strong>d, 206 ; 48, 88, 102 ; civilization, 64. Anapa, 3, 4, 72, 138, 232, 233. Anglo-Saxon period, 188, 189 ; polychrome style, 191. Ani, 220. Animals, representations of, 11, 16, 24-8, 50-2, 54, 56, 58, 59, 89, 97, 99, 124, 132, 136, 138. i39> i7i> 185. 186, 192-5, 200, 205, 207, "533 ; as motive of ornamenta- tion, 51, 173, 188, 193, 194, 196, 198, 200, 205 ; fantastic, 50, 53, 140, 142, 192, 195, 196, 198-200, 207, 236 ; sacred or symbolical, 29, 56, w<strong>in</strong>ged, 50, 192 ; 108, 192, 198, 200 ; row or frieze, 22-6, 29, 52, 138, 188, 192, 201, 202 ; form<strong>in</strong>g a circle, 192, 195 ; heraldic comb<strong>in</strong>ation, 24, 28, 40, 51, 192, 193, 196, 200, 201, 205 ; fight<strong>in</strong>g, hunt<strong>in</strong>g, or devour<strong>in</strong>g another animal, 26, 53, 59, 134, 140, 192, i93> 195. 201 ; fight<strong>in</strong>g with human be<strong>in</strong>gs or gods, 192 ; comb<strong>in</strong>ations, 34, comb<strong>in</strong>a- 5.2. 59. 1.42, 192, i95> 199. 206 ; tions with human figures, 24, 59, 192, 201 ; network, 192, 193, 206, 207 ; or parts of animals cover<strong>in</strong>g the surface of an object or of the body of another animal, 52, 135, 193, 195, 200, 203, 206 ; contorted to suit a given space, 51, 58, 59, 134, 142, 192, 194, 202, 203, 207, 228 ; with reverted heads, 58, 59, 192, 194, 200 ; bit<strong>in</strong>g its tail, 195 ; heads, 48, 50, 52, 56, 59. I". 124, 184, 192, 195, 196, 198-200, 207; parts, 51, 53, 195, 199, 200 ; treatment of the eye, 26, 27 ; extremities as animals or parts of animals, 51. 53> 58, 142, 195. 199. 200, 202, 203, 206, 207 ; horns as ornamental motive, 195, 196, 201-3 ; comb<strong>in</strong>ed with floral motives, 54, 193, 200, 201, 205, 207 ; geometrized, 16, 24, 27, 29, 188, 193, 195,
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT W
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'^1 Cornell University Library The
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Oxford University Press London Edin
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IRANIANS &? GREEKS IN SOUTH RUSSIA
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THIS PREFACE book is not intended t
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PREFACE ix Greek world. South Russi
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CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY i II.
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XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XII. Silv
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FIG. 3- 4- 5- 6. FIGURES IN THE TEX
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2 INTRODUCTORY discovery and study
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4 INTRODUCTORY Simultaneously, anot
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6 INTRODUCTORY The three works are
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8 INTRODUCTORY South Russia is a gr
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lo INTRODUCTORY Scythian tribes est
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INTRODUCTORY ii see in the Paphlago
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INTRODUCTORY 13 cities and of the n
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p L A T p: II BRONZE POLE-TOPS FROM
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i6 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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i8 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Th
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 19 ot
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THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS 21 th
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28 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Me
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32 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS th
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34 THE PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATIONS Su
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36 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE defeats w
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38 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE is no dou
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40 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE Unhappily
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 41 geomet
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 43 than a
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' The SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 45
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THE SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 47 wa
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PLATE V I ENGRAVED A i\' D GILT SIL
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so THE CIMMERIANS AND THE the gilt
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 51 displa
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PLATE VIII I, 2. IRON AXE AND IRON
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54 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE horse-tra
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SCYTHIANSIN SOUTH RUSSIA 55 there a
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PLATE X BRONZK POLE-TOPS AND A BRON
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58 THE CIMMERIANS AND THE a metal d
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SCYTHIANS IN SOUTH RUSSIA 59 times
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I IV THE GREEKS ON THE SHORES OF TH
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PLATE XII SILVER AND GOLD RHYTA FRO
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64 THEGREEKSONTHE Sea. Chersonesus
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 65 the most
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PLATE XIV GREEK BRONZE BREASTPLATE
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68 THEGREEKSONTHE Did this revoluti
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70 THEGREEKSONTHE position of Panti
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 71 was weal
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 73 Goddess
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PLATE Xy I. Engraved CHALCEDONY SCA
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76 THEGREEKSONTHE tive art. Round t
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78 THEGREEKSONTHE Cimmerian Bosphor
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SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 79 Minor as
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PLATE X \M I I 4 I. EARRINGS FROM T
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82 GREEKS AT THE BLACK SEA bounded
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84 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE a ruling cl
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86 THESCYTHIANSINTHE enlarge their
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88 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE Scythian as
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90 THESCYTHIANSINTHE dangerous riva
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92 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE most of all
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94 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE these produ
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96 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE graves ; an
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98 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE that in the
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 99
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@ D @ CHAMBER 11 STEP 5TEP PLAN CHA
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PLATE XX SILVER CUP AND GOLD PATERA
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104 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE the origin
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FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 105
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PLATE XXII "^'^JV^ , ELECTRUM VASE
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io8 THE SCYTHIANS IN THE we (pi. XV
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THE VI THE SARMATIANS Sarmatians ar
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THE S ARM AT IAN S 115 construction
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THE SARMATIANS 117 enemy on her fro
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THE SARMATIANS 119 an alliance, or
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122 THESARMATIANS lengthy and so mi
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124 THESARMATIANS was found in one
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126 THE SARMATIANS runners of the s
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128 THESARMATIANS also obtain a ric
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THESARMATIANS 129 struction of the
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e=;l>t^ KUBAMSKAYA OBLASf Nekrasovs
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THE SARMATIANS 133 the field. The t
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THESARMATIANS 135 Kuban culture app
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138 THESARMATIANS century B.C., con
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THESARMATIANS 139 Reinach and Drexe
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THESARMATIANS 141 single great find
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THESARMATIANS 143 appear to be the
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THESARMATIANS 145 tians. The Siraci
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THE VII THE GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH R
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 149 the northern c
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IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 151 confront Mi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 153 about the poli
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 155 without Roman
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 157 Athenian origi
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 159 In the course
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PLATE XXVIII -vVt^oTKM-.'ir- WALL P
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i62 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA de
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 163 Sea, efforts w
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INTHEROMANPERIOD 165 Bosphoran citi
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i68 .GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA P
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I70 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA th
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172 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA pe
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178 GREEK CITIES OF SOUTH RUSSIA wi
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i82 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND On the
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i84 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND porary
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i86 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND in Mer
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i88 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND publis
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190 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND orname
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192 THE POLYCHROME STYLE AND of met
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