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330 Ishtiaq Ahmad Choudhry, Muhammad Nawaz Mahsud and Shajee Hasan environment is created by the media in addition to actual environment. People react to pseudo environment which media creates. (Nawaz, 2006). The idea of a frame in relation to news has been widely used in place of terms such as frame of reference, context, theme, or even news angle. In a journalist context' stories are given meaning by reference to some particular news value that connects one event with other similar ones. According to Entman (1993) framing involves- selection and salience. He summaries the main aspects of framing by saying that frames define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments and suggest remedies. A large number of textual devices can be used to perform these activities. They include using certain words or phrases, making certain contextual reference, choosing certain picture or film, giving example as typical, referring to certain sources and so on (McQuail, 2006). In the of the cited references it can concluded that World War II the U.S became a super power and she started to interfere in other countries’ affairs including Middle East and South Asia. She made policies which had power to influence the societies at large. Researchers’ effort regarding this topic is related to U.S policies towards Pakistan particularly after 9/11. Even after 9/11, US policy makers were well aware that Pakistan was at the centre of the World’s worst Islamist terrorist networks. The Bush administration quickly moved to persuade once-sanctioned Islamabad to become an essential partner in the global war on terror. This war drastically expended in Afghanistan, Iraq and after Iraq it seems that there is turn of Iran. It is would be matter of interest to examine the role of the Pakistan elite press’ editorial treatment of U.S policy towards Pakistan. Because editorials exist to allow the newspaper (usually in the person of its editor) to comment, give view on and draw conclusions from the day's events. The editorial gives a newspaper the opportunity to address its readership directly, and the editorial is the place where the reader may expect to find overt comment on the news of the day. However, the created reader, the implied reader, is again in evidence as the editorials address a group with shared but not always explicitly expressed values. Due to multidimensional contents people equally prefer newspaper for getting information. The content of the newspaper can be generally divided into two broad categories subjective and objective (Mahsud, 2000). Researchers selected the subjective writing includes editorial and editorial note, which reflect the policies of newspaper. Data Collection Three major English dailies “Dawn”, “The Nation”, “The News”, and ”Dawn” are selected for the collection of data for the study. The Nation sister newspaper of Nawa-e-Waqat and it is ideology based newspaper. The News' sister newspaper of Jung is considered as pro-government newspaper, while ‘Dawn’ is an independent leading national English daily. That is why researchers selected these newspapers to examine and check their opinion pages’ treatment of US policy towards Pakistan. Systematic sampling procedure is adopted through which 135 newspapers (containing 45 issues of each newspaper) out of total 270 issues of the selected three dailies are being selected for analysis. All those editorials and editorial notes published on the issues, such as politics, economics, education, health, defense, and terrorism by the selected newspapers are taken as unit of analysis. To adequately deal with the data collection on scientific way, a broad level standardized coding sheet is developed in which exclusive and exhaustive categories are created. The required data was collected from initially 21 newspapers containing 7 issues of each selected newspaper. Six coders (students) were properly trained and facilitated to check the authenticity of the coding sheet.
Reflection of US Policy Towards Pakistan in Pakistani Press 331 Coding Sheet Editorial Editorial Note Categories Politics Economics Education Defense Health Terrorism Total space Favor Against Neutral Total space Favor Against Neutral The required data for the study in hand was collected through the analysis of the editorial pages of the newspapers issues from 1 st January to March 31 st , 2007. First, data is analyzed thoroughly and then with the help well-defined coding sheet, the data was converted from qualitative to quantitative manner. Pilot study is made to check how reliable the coding process is (Hansen, A. et al., 1998). Reliability in content analysis is essentially about consistency: consistency between different coders (inter-coder reliability), and consistency of the individual coder’s coding practice over time (intracoder reliability). There are several different ways of checking or measuring reliability in content analysis, from a simple check on the percentage of coding decisions which coders agree, to more complex formula which take into account the degree to which a certain level of agreement would occur simply by chance in a set number of coding decisions (pp.120-21). Higher percentage of inter-coder reliability was observed. In this way, finally the required data from the selected 135 newspapers was collected. Total measurement of the all the newspapers was observed as: ‘The Nation’ (a) total number of published editorials= 09 (space 1691 in cm). (b) total number of published ed. Notes= 27 (space 3470 in cm). ‘The News’ (a) total number of published editorials= 05 (space 1068 in cm). (b) total number of published ed. Notes= 17 (space 2865 in cm). ‘Dawn’ (a) total number of published editorials= 12 (space 2363 in cm). (b) total number of published ed. Notes= 10 (space 1244 in cm). All Papers (a) total number of published editorials= 25 (space 5122 in cm). (b) total number of published ed. Notes= 53 (space 7579 in cm). Findings The results of the study reveal the overall editorials and editorial motes coverage to United States policy towards Pakistan by the elite English press—daily ‘The Nation’, ‘The News’ and ‘Dawn’ for the months of January, February and March, 2007. The analytical review of figures 1.1 & 1.2 illustrates that ‘The Nation’ for the first entire month of the study did not publish any editorial on the issue under investigation and for the same month published significantly more editorial notes. While for the month of February the paper published more editorials and less editorial notes on the same issue. Similarly for the month of March the said paper published reasonable editorials and somewhat editorial notes on the study’s issue. The month wise comparison of the paper in term of the published editorials shows that the paper significantly published more editorial notes on the issue compare to its editorials for the whole three months stipulated period.
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