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European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.20 No.2 (2008), pp.348-355 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm Toxicokinetic Studies of Cadmium and Zinc in Goats Following Intratracheal and Intravenous Administration of Particulate Matter E.A. Moses Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri J.C. Akan Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri E-mail: joechemakan@yahoo.com Tel: +2348036000506 V.O. Ogugbuaja Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri P.A. Onyeyili Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Markurdi, Nigeria Abstract Toxicokinetic studies of chromium and zinc in dust particles were carried out following intratracheal and intravenous administration of dusts to goats at a dose of 50mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 36 hours following administration of dusts. Tissue samples were similarly collected postmortem on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The results of the serum kinetics study showed that the elements present in the dust were readily absorbed following intratracheal and intravenous administration and distributed to various organs and tissues. High concentrations (68.8±16.9 - 265.2±32.5µg/g) and low concentrations (0.31±0.03 - 0.51±0.05µg/g) respectively of chromium and zinc were measured the tissues. The concentration of chromium and zinc were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The elements had highest half-lives in lungs (up to 173.2 days) for intratracheally treated animals. This study has shown that the liver acted as the main accumulator of the elements of interest The enhanced half-lives and low elimination rate constants in tissues was an indication of how widely the elements were distributed. There was however an indication that chromium and zinc would be eliminated from the studied organs with time. Keywords: Toxicokinetic, Cadmium, Zinc, Goats, Intratracheal, intravenous, Particulate matter.
Toxicokinetic Studies of Cadmium and Zinc in Goats Following Intratracheal and Intravenous Administration of Particulate Matter 349 Introduction Particles in the atmosphere make up the most visible and obvious form of atmospheric pollution. They are made up of an amazing variety of materials and discrete objects that may consist of either solid or liquid droplets (Stanley,2005). Exposure of population to these dusts through inhalation is therefore of environmental concern as particulates often lodge and exert chronic effects on the lungs. Elemental contents of suspended particulate matter from Maiduguri, Nigeria have been determined (Ogugbuaja and Goni, 1999; Ogugbuaja and Barsisa, 2001, Moses et al.,2007). These dusts show appreciable high levels of heavy elements. Biological systems possess mechanisms for absorption, transportation, storage and excretion of elements. This helps to keep the level in the body optimal. It is important therefore to understand the distribution of trace elements in biological systems as elements are known to accumulate in the blood and tissues. (Schwartz,1977). Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring metallic element that is used for electroplating and galvanization processes, in the production of pigments, batteries and as a chemical reagent (ATSDR, 1989) It is a known carcinogen. Zinc is an essential element in the nutrition of human beings, animals, and plants. It is required in the genetic make-up of every cell and is an absolute requirement for all biologic reproduction (O’Dell, 2000). Its accumulation in the body is harmful. It has been recognized that measurement of the circulating concentration of metals and their metabolites can provide useful information on the magnitude and duration of exposure of possible sites of toxicity (Rosenstock, 2004). Such information on the toxicokinetics of elements provides an understanding of the extent of absorption, distribution and the pathways and rates of elimination. This study therefore, was undertaken to add to the knowledge in this area. Methodology Collection of dust samples The study was conducted in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The dust collection technique was carried out according to the method described by McTainsh and Walker (1982). The technique is designed to measure the amount of suspended dust falling to the ground from the atmosphere. Samples were collected from low and high density areas of the town. Sampling was done twice weekly for each location for a period of one year, pooled and used for subsequent studies. Experimental animals The Forty-three (43) adult healthy Sahel goats of both sexes were used for the studies (blood kinetics, 10; tissue kinetics, 30; control, 3). The goats were fed with green leaves and husk of grains and water was provided ad libidum. Blood Kinetic Study Ten adult Sahel goats of both sexes were used. The goats were apparently healthy at the onset of the experiment. The goats were separated randomly into two equal groups. One group was treated with the dust sample in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution intratracheally at the dose of 50mg/kg body weight, while the other group was treated with the same dose intravenously. The intravenous administration was done through the left jugular vein using a syringe and needle. All blood samples were collected through the right jugular vein. Sample Preparation Fifteen minutes before the administration of the dust sample, blood samples were collected as control from the goats. Following dust, blood samples were again collected at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 36 hours. All blood samples were collected into plain bottles and allowed to clot. The clotted
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