European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Forecasting as a Strategic Decision-Making Tool: A Review and Discussion with Emphasis on Marketing Management 442 [48] Wong, Veronica (1994), “New Product Introduction at Different Stages of the Product Life Cycle: The Integration of Marketing and Key Functional Strategies,” in Saunders, J. (1994) (Editor), The Marketing Initiative, 102-118, UK: Prentice Hall International Endnotes Forecasting methods can be classified in various ways: Statistical and judgemental or quantitative, which includes time series analysis and casual methods, and qualitative, which includes sales force estimates, executive judgement, market research, and the Delphi method. Quantitative Methods Casual methods use historical data on independent variables, such as promotional campaigns, economic conditions, and competitors’ actions, to predict the future behaviour of forecast subject. These are the methods such as the linear regression, which explains the relationship between the dependent variable and other internal and external independent variables (factors). Time series analysis is a statistical approach that mainly relies on historical time series data, which are the data observed in regular time intervals, to predict the future. Qualitative Methods Qualitative techniques mostly rely on managerial judgement and experience and other sort of qualitative information to generate forecasts. This sort of techniques translates managerial judgement, expert opinion, and survey results into quantitative estimates. Some of the qualitative techniques are sales force estimates, executive judgement, marketing research, and the Delphi technique. Sales force estimates are a method of forecasting based on compilation of periodic personnel estimates of future demands by the members of sales force in a company. Executive Judgement summarizes the opinions of a group of executives to obtain a single forecast. The opinions are mostly based on executives’ experience with similar products or services. Marketing Research can be expressed as a systematic approach to creating and testing hypotheses about the market. The analyses are based on data, which are usually gathered by survey methods. That is why it may sometimes be an expensive method and may lead to faulty and ‘difficult to interpret’ conclusions, especially if the sample is not the representative of the population. Delphi Method is a process of obtaining agreement from a group of experts, which generally includes several steps (panels) of consensus search. It is useful especially when there are no historical data to develop statistical models and when judgement or opinion based on experience and study of the market, industry, or scientific developments are the only bases for making forecast. The Delphi method might also be useful for long-range forecasts of product demand, sales estimates of new products, and technological forecasting (e.g. estimating the future of intelligent manufacturing systems). Delphi method can be preferred in estimating the changes and directions in environmental and social forces such as quality of life, governmental regulations, and competitors’ actions. The results of such a process can provide direction for a firm’s R&D activities.
European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.20 No.2 (2008), pp.443-447 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm Equation of Motion in Appearance Potential Spectra of Simple Metals Omubo-Pepple V. B Department of Physics, Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, 500001, Nigeria Opara F. E Department of Physics, Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, 500001, Nigeria Ogbonda C Department of Physics, Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, 500001, Nigeria Pekene D.B Department of Physics, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State Abstract The equation of motion is applied to the function Γ k1k2k3k which describes the 4 propagation of two particles in the presence of a core hole. Neglecting final state interactions and assuming constant matrix elements, the X-ray yield and the associated appearance potential spectrum is found to depend on the convolution of the empty density of states above Fermi level of the metal. Keywords: Potential spectra, potential spectrum, core hole, propagation. Introduction In addition to such well-established spectroscopies as XPS, UPS, ESCA, LEED and AES, new tools for both bulk and surface studies have emerged in recent years. Among these new techniques are “Soft X-ray Appearance Spectroscopy” (SXAPS or simple APS), Auger Electron Appearance Spectroscopy (AEAPS), Characteristic Isochromat Spectroscopy (CIS), and Ionization Spectroscopy (IS). These spectroscopies can be broadly divided into two groups, Riviere, (1973), namely: (a) Those which explore the filled bands below the Fermi level, i.e. filled band probes (b) Those which concentrate on the empty states above the Fermi level, i.e. empty and probes. APS, CIS and IS belong to the latter group Opara, (1995) and Omubo-Pepple and Opara, (2004). In APS monoenergetic electrons from a thermionic emitter bombard the sample under investigation and the voltage between the emitter and the sample is varied. The incident electron energies range from a few eV to a few KeV and for such energies the mean free path for inelastic scattering is small; consequently, the method samples only a few layers from the surface, Park and Houston, (1972). At certain critical potentials a core electron is excited and the subsequent de-
Page 1 and 2:
European Journal of Scientific Rese
Page 3 and 4:
appropriate. Manuscripts may be rej
Page 5 and 6:
Statistical Approach on the Impact
Page 7 and 8:
Un Filtre à Sable Perforé à Alim
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17:
Page 20 and 21:
Effect of Scaling on the Performanc
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
The Input of Psychology in Methodol
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Effect of Mathematical Games on Nig
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Community Norms and Cultural Attitu
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
276 Muhammad Nawz Mahsud, Muhammad
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
293 Chandra Putcha 3. Validation of
Page 75 and 76:
295 Chandra Putcha 6. Results The p
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
299 Ilhan Meric, Charles W. McCall
Page 81 and 82:
301 Ilhan Meric, Charles W. McCall
Page 83 and 84:
Groundwater Pollution in Africans B
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
319 Masoud Aliakbar Golkar, Shora H
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Reflection of US Policy Towards Pak
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Storage and Cost Efficient Mining o
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
345 L. Mézédjri, A. Tahar Ali and
Page 127 and 128:
347 L. Mézédjri, A. Tahar Ali and
Page 129 and 130:
Toxicokinetic Studies of Cadmium an
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Trade Diversion and Trade Creation
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Éfficacité Comparée de Deux Mét
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Generic Architecture Based Agent fo
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Photovoltaic-Stand-Alone Hydrogen S
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172: Photovoltaic-Stand-Alone Hydrogen S
Page 177 and 178: European Journal of Scientific Rese
Page 179 and 180: 399 R. Y. Tamakloe, K. Singh and Cl
Page 187 and 188: Diversity of a Mosaic Ecosystem in
Page 199 and 200: European Journal of Scientific Rese
Page 201 and 202: 421 Cihat Polat strategic managemen
Page 203 and 204: 423 Cihat Polat taken as a ground f
Page 205 and 206: 425 Cihat Polat techniques also ind
Page 207 and 208: 427 Cihat Polat forecasting practic
Page 209 and 210: 429 Cihat Polat show different expe
Page 211 and 212: 431 Cihat Polat advantages through
Page 213 and 214: 433 Cihat Polat Forecasting Solutio
Page 215 and 216: 435 Cihat Polat Table 1: External E
Page 217 and 218: 437 Cihat Polat possible. Thus, com
Page 219 and 220: 439 Cihat Polat within the forecast
Page 221: 441 Cihat Polat [24] Makridakis et
Page 225 and 226: 445 Omubo-Pepple V. B, Opara F. E,
Page 227: 447 Omubo-Pepple V. B, Opara F. E,
show all

European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?