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Effect of Scaling on the Performance of the 4-Bit CPL Subtractor Circuit 248 Refereces [1] Ikuo Kurachi, Nam Hwang, and Leonard Forbes “Physical Model of Drain conductance, gd, Degration of NMOSFET’s Due to Interface State Generation by Hot Carrier Injection” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices Vol.41. No. 6, June 94, pp 964-969. [2] C.S.Ho, Kuo-Yin Huang, Ming Tang, Juin J. Liou. “An analytical threshold voltage model of NMOSFETs with hot-carrier induced interface charge effect” Microelectronics Reliability 45 2005, pp.1144-1149. [3] By D. J. Frank “Power constrained CMOS scaling limits” IBM J. Res. & Dev. Vol. 46 No. 2/3 March/May 2002, pp. 235-244. [4] Douglas A. Pucknell “Basic VLSI Design” third edition silicon systems engineering series. [5] C. M. Osburn, I. Kim, S. K. Han, I. De, K. F. Yee, S. Gannavaram, S. J. Lee, C.-H. Lee, Z. J. Luo, W. Zhu, J. R. Hauser, D.-L. Kwong, G. Lucovsky, T. P. Ma and M. C.Ozturk “Vertically scaled MOSFET gate stacks and junctions: How far are we likely to go?” IBM J. Res. & Dev. Vol. 46 No. 2/3 March/May 2002 pp.299- 315. [6] Y. Taur “CMOS design near the limit of scaling” IBM J. Res. & Dev. Vol. 46 No. 2/3 March/May 2002, pp. 213-222. [7] E. J. Nowak “Maintaining the benefits of CMOS scaling when scaling bogs down” IBM J. RES. & Dev. Vol. 46 No. 2/3 March/May, 2002, pp.169-179. [8] S. Asai and Y. Wada, “Technology challenges for integration near and below 0.1µm,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, Apr. 1997, pp. 505-520. [9] Hesham A. Al-Twaijry and Michael J. Flynn, Fellow, IEEE “Technology Scaling Effects on Multipliers” IEEE Transactions of Computers, Vol. 47, No. 11, November 1998, pp.1201-1215. [10] C.Senthilpari, K.Diwakar, C.M.R.Prabhu, and Ajay Kumar Singh “Power Deduction in Digital Signal Processing Circuit using Inventive CPL Subtractor Circuit” IEEE International conference on semiconductor Electronics Proceedings. 29 Nov to 01 Dec 2006, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia pp. 820-824. [11] Etinne Sicard “Microwind 3 & Dsch user manual Version2” National Institute of Applied Science (INSA) pp. May 2002. [12] Bipul C. Paul, Amit Agarwal, Kaushik Roy “Low power design technique for scaled technologies” Integration the VLSI journal, Vol.39, 2006, pp.64-89. [13] Donald A. Neamen “Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design” third international edition, ISBN 007-125443-9, 2007, pp. 137-139. [14] David Duarte, Vijaykrishnan Narayanan and Mary Jane Irwin “Impact of technology Scaling in the clock system Power” Published in the proceeding of the IEEE computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, April 25-26, 2002 Pittsburgh, PA. pp 1-6.
European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.20 No.2 (2008), pp.249-254 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm The Input of Psychology in Methodological Considerations of Cross Cultural Marketing Research Christina Giannakopoulou Psychologist, St. Thomas Hospital, U.K E-mail: Christina_giannakopoulou@yahoo.co.uk George Siomkos Professor of Marketing, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece E-mail: gsiomkos@aueb.gr Aikaterini Vassilikopoulou Research Associate, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece E-mail: katva@aueb.g Abstract This paper investigates the potential input of social psychology in cross cultural marketing research. More specifically, the study addresses the methodological considerations in designing the market research study, carrying out the study and interpreting the marketing research findings. Introduction In the era of global communications, during which the world is becoming one market place (i.e., global village), products have become global in nature and companies are increasingly trying to intervene in foreign markets all over the world (Mattelart, 1991). In light of the accruing business internationalism, development of cross-cultural marketing strategies is imperative. Cross-cultural marketing has been characterised as the extension of a company’s home country’s marketing strategy into the global marketplace (Roberts, 2001). As business internationalism globalization increases, companies should better utilize cross-cultural marketing research approaches (Young and Javalgi, 2007). Interestingly, cross-cultural marketing research has to compete with the integration of different cultures on a common global scale. Psychologists, as well as marketing researchers often have tended to select persons who are conveniently available to be subjects in their experiments or informants in their empirical work. It would be, however, a mistake to assume that the findings from studies in Europe and North America can be applied on people from other parts of the world. That is why the study of cross-cultural psychology in marketing research may be useful to broaden corporate vision and deepen business insights by crossing the boarders (Segall et al., 1990). More specifically, cross-cultural research in psychology has been defined as "the explicit, systematic comparison of psychological variables under different cultural conditions in order to specify the antecedents and processes that mediate the emergence of behaviour differences" (Eckensberg, 1972, p. 100). Cross-cultural research was primarily of interest to anthropologists up until the World War II, when experimental psychologists became interested in groups outside the urbanised and literate
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