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354 E.A. Moses, J.C. Akan, V.O. Ogugbuaja and P.A. Onyeyili Table 1: The Half-lives and Elimination rate constants of Chromium in Various Tissues of Goats Treated Intratracheally and Intravenously with a Single Dose (50mg/kg) of Dusts. Intratracheal route Intravenous route Tissue Half-lives (days) Elimination rate constant. (Per day) Half-life (days) Elimination rate constant. (Per day) Lung 173.2 0.004 69.3 0.01 Liver 69.3 0.01 69.3 0.01 Heart 23.1 0.03 17.3 0.04 Kidney 69.3 0.01 34.3 0.02 Serum 3.3 0.21 3.6 0.19 Table 2: The Half-lives and Elimination rate Constants of Zinc in Various Tissues of Goats Treated Intratracheally and Intravenously with a Single Dose (50mg/kg) of Dusts. Intratracheal route Intravenous route Tissue Half-lives (days) Elimination rate constant. (Per day) Half-life (days) Elimination rate constant. (Per day) Lung 115.5 0.006 69.3 0.01 Liver 173.2 0.004 34.7 0.02 Heart 3.6 0.10 23.1 0.03 Kidney 69.3 0.01 69.3 0.01 Serum 3.0 0.23 3.3 0.21 Discussion The results of the serum kinetics study showed that the elements present in the dust were readily absorbed following intratracheal and intravenous administration and distributed to various organs. The presence of chromium and zinc in blood following dust administration may be an indication of the blood protein binding of these elements and or movement of the element from the peripheral compartments to central compartment for elimination (Onyeyili et al, 2001). High concentrations of zinc were found in the lung, liver kidney and heart of animals treated both intravenously and intratracheally with the dust. The high amounts present in these tissues may be due to increased uptake of zinc by organs and tissues involved. The high concentration of these elements in the tissues may also be due to the levels of these elements in the dust sample. The low levels of chromium found in the various tissues following both routes of administration may be an indication of their low concentrations in the dust. Lung elemental accumulation from intratracheal dust exposure mode, as expected, are markedly higher than those from intravenous dust instillation. However, the accumulation from the dust introduced into the lung displayed by other studied tissues, although low; demonstrate the anticipated transportation (absorption) of the dust from the lung into the rest of the goat system. This study has shown that the liver acted as the main accumulator of the elements of interest. Indications of the observed high liver accumulations are probably related to their effective absorption from the respiratory tract and the ability of the liver to store them. Other studies have reported capabilities of most organs, notably liver and kidney, to store large quantities of elements in the biological systems. The mechanism entails interactions between these elements with the intrinsic proteins in the organs (King, 1999). Large amounts of some of the detected elements in the liver can therefore be accounted for. The half-lives of the elements found in the dust samples was an indication of the length of time each of these elements will be present in a particular organ or tissue. The higher the half-life of an element, the longer the persistence of that element in a particular tissue (Renwick, 1996). Slow elimination of the elements from the lungs is substantiated by the fact that the half-life of elimination ranged between 115.5 to 173.2 hours after intratracheal administration. The higher half-lives of elements in lungs following intratracheal administration of dusts compared to intravenous
Toxicokinetic Studies of Cadmium and Zinc in Goats Following Intratracheal and Intravenous Administration of Particulate Matter 355 administration may be a reflection of increased tissue sequestration, prolonged absorption and/or presence of complexing compounds in the dust. It also indicates of how widely the elements were distributed or increased serum protein or tissue binding of the elements which limits their distribution to excretory organs. Conclusion The study has shown uptake of Cr and Zn from intratracheal and intravenous administration of dusts and subsequent distribution of the elements to all organs and tissues. The half-lives of Cr and Zn in lungs were relatively high following intratracheal administration. There was an indication that Cr and Zn would be eliminated from the organs with time. References [1] ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1989). Toxicological profile for cadmium. ATSDR/U.S. Public Health Service, ATSDR/TP-88/08. [2] King J. C. and Keen C. L. (1999). Zinc. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Shils, M. E., Olson J. A., Shike, M. and Ross, A.C. eds. 223-239 [3] McTainsh, G.H. and Walker P.H. (1982). Nature and Distribution of Harmattan dust. Z. Geomorph.. 26(4) 417-435. [4] Moses, E.A, AKAN, J.C and Ogugbuaja, V.O (2007) Determination of monthly deposition variation and elemental content of suspended particulate matter in a semi- Arid region of Northeastern Nigeria. (in press) [5] O’Dell, B. L. and Campbell, B. J. (1971). Trace Elements in Comprehensive Biochemisrty. Florkin, M. and Stotz, E. H. (Eds). Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam. 21:179-266. [6] Ogugbuaja, V. O. (1984). Element Bioaccumulation From Coal Fly Ash: A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University. [7] Ogugbuaja, V.O. and Goni, D. A. (1999). Multi-elemental Analysis of Dust particles from North Eastern Nigeria. Annals of Borno 15/16: 150-156. [8] Ogugbuaja V. O. and Barsisa, L. Z. (2001). Atmospheric Pollution in North Eastern Nigeria: Measurement and Analysis of suspended Particulate Matter. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiopia. 2: 102- 117. [9] Renwick, A. G. (1996). Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics–2. In: Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists. Duffus, J. H. and Worth, H. G.(eds), The Royal Society of Chemistry,pp 26-42. [10] Rosenstock, L. (2004). Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental Medcine. Saunders Health Sciences Division. Philadelphia. [11] Schwartz, M. D. (1977). Essentiality and Toxicity of Metals in: Clinical Chemistry and Chemical Toxicology of Metals. S. S. Brown (Ed.) 1: Elsevier Publishing Co, Amsterdam. p 3. [12] Stanley, E. M. (2005). Particles in the Atmosphere. In: Environmental Chemistry 8 th ed. CRC press. Florida. 279-300.
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