DVD Demystified

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<strong>DVD</strong> Technology Primer TABLE 3.1 Compression Ratios Native Native Compressed 101 data rate (kbps) Compression Rate (kbps)* Ratio Percent 720 � 480 � 99,533 MPEG-2 3,500 28:1 96 12 bits � 24 fps 720 � 480 � 99,533 MPEG-2 6,000 17:1 94 12 bits � 24 fps 720 � 576 � 119,439 MPEG-2 3,500 34:1 97 12 bits � 24 fps 720 � 576 � 119,439 MPEG-2 6,000 20:1 95 12 bits � 24 fps 720 � 480 � 124,416 MPEG-2 3,500 36:1 97 12 bits � 30 fps 720 � 480 � 124,416 MPEG-2 6,000 21:1 95 12 bits � 30 fps 352 � 240 � 24,330 MPEG-1 1,150 21:1 95 12 fps � 24 bits 352 � 288 � 29,196 MPEG-1 1,150 25:1 96 12 fps � 24 bits 352 � 240 � 30,413 MPEG-1 1,150 26:1 96 12 fps � 30 bits 2 ch � 48 kHz 1,536 Dolby Digital 2.0 192 8:1 87 � 16 bits 6 ch � 48 kHz 4,608 Dolby Digital 5.1 384 12:1 92 � 16 bits 6 ch � 48 kHz 4,608 Dolby Digital 5.1 448 10:1 90 � 16 bits 6 ch � 48 kHz 4,608 DTS 5.1 768 6:1 83 � 16 bits 6 ch � 48 kHz 4,608 DTS 5.1 1,536 3:1 67 � 16 bits 6 ch � 96 kHz 11,520 MLP 5,400 2:1 53 � 20 bits 6 ch � 96 kHz 13,824 MLP 7,600 2:1 45 � 24 bits *MPEG-2 and MLP compressed data rates are an average of a typical variable bit rate
102 Birds Revisited: Understanding Audio Compression Chapter 3 Audio takes up much less space than video, but uncompressed audio coupled with compressed video uses up a large percentage of the available bandwidth. Compressing the audio can result in a small loss of quality, but if the resulting space is used instead for video, it may improve the video quality significantly. In essence, reducing both the audio and the video is more effective. Usually video is compressed more than audio, since the ear is more sensitive to detail loss than the eye. Just as MPEG compression takes advantage of characteristics of the human eye, modern audio compression relies on detailed understanding of the human ear. This is called psychoacoustic or perceptual coding. Picture again your telephone conversation with a friend. Imagine that your friend lives near an airport, so that when a plane takes off, your friend cannot hear you over the sound of the airplane. In a situation like this, you quickly learn to stop talking when a plane is taking off, since your friend will not hear you. The airplane has masked the sound of your voice. At the opposite end of the loudness spectrum from airplane noise is background noise, such as a ticking clock. While you are speaking, your friend cannot hear the clock, but if you stop, then the background noise is no longer masked. The hairs in your inner ear are sensitive to sound pressure at different frequencies (pitches). When stimulated by a loud sound, they are incapable of sensing softer sounds at the same pitch. Because the hairs for similar frequencies are near each other, a stimulated audio receptor nerve will interfere with nearby receptors and cause them to be less sensitive. This is called frequency masking. Human hearing ranges roughly from low frequencies of 20 Hz to high frequencies of 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). The ear is most sensitive to the frequency range from about 2 to 5 kHz, which corresponds to the range of the human voice. Because aural sensitivity varies in a nonlinear fashion, sounds at some frequencies mask more neighboring sounds than at other frequencies. Experiments have established certain critical bands of varying size that correspond to the masking function of human hearing (Figure 3.6). Another characteristic of the human audio sensory system is that sounds cannot be sensed when they fall below a certain loudness (or amplitude). This sensitivity threshold, as with everything else, is not linear. In other words, the threshold is at louder or softer points at different frequencies. The overall threshold varies a little from person to person—some people have better hearing than others. The threshold of hearing is adaptive; the
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TEAMFLY
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McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2001 b
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PRAISE FOR DVD DEMYSTIFIED It was o
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viii Contents The Referee Shows Up
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x DVD Myths 166 Myth: “DVD Is Rev
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xii Contents Closed Captions 311 Ca
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xiv Contents Advantages of SVCD ove
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xvi Contents DVD-Video Drivers 455
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xviii Contents Appendix A Quick Ref
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xx Foreword at the mall may in fact
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xxii Acknowledgments Technologies;
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2 Introduction Chapter 1 DVD is the
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4 players. DVD discs are produced w
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6 ing these information streams. An
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8 device that also can play movies.
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10 In addition to space for more da
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12 ■ Home productivity and “edu
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14 TABLE 1.1 Meanings of Prefixes S
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16 TABLE 1.2 Notations Used in This
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18 Chapter 1 chroma signals. Some D
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20 A Brief History of Audio Technol
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22 Chapter 2 Up to this point, soun
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24 version. Once available, with su
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26 Figure 2.3 Revolving picture toy
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28 Chapter 2 second, 6 with 16 fram
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30 Chapter 2 individual picture ele
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32 Figure 2.4 Tape head comparison
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34 1977, and the number grew rapidl
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36 Chapter 2 Philips, Thomson, and
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38 Figure 2.5 Punched card and opti
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40 Figure 2.7 The CD family tree Ch
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42 Chapter 2 In 1989, the CD-ROM
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44 Chapter 2 By this time, Sony and
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46 Figure 2.8 Timeline of DVD devel
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48 peripheral hardware manufacturer
Page 75 and 76: 50 Chapter 2 that MMCD would be sta
Page 77 and 78: 52 Figure 2.9 The DVD patent pie Pr
Page 79 and 80: 54 DVD Consortium would be signed a
Page 81 and 82: 56 Chapter 2 the delay. Again, more
Page 83 and 84: 58 At about this time, the supposed
Page 85 and 86: 60 Entertainment/Sony Wonder, MGM H
Page 87 and 88: 62 Chapter 2 wait-and-see stance. S
Page 89 and 90: 64 Chapter 2 Express, a company tha
Page 91 and 92: 66 Chapter 2 about 87,000 Divx play
Page 93 and 94: 68 Chapter 2 the Zoran software DVD
Page 95 and 96: 70 Chapter 2 outside the country, i
Page 97 and 98: 72 Chapter 2 eventually find its wa
Page 99 and 100: 74 The Year of DVD Chapter 2 1999,
Page 101 and 102: 76 specification. Not surprisingly,
Page 103 and 104: 78 Chapter 2 to sell a million copi
Page 105 and 106: 80 be considered illegal circumvent
Page 107 and 108: 82 What they seemed unable or unwil
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Page 113 and 114: 88 Introduction Chapter 3 This chap
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Page 117 and 118: 92 Chapter 3 The human retina has t
Page 119 and 120: 94 DVD uses YC bC r as its native s
Page 121 and 122: 96 Figure 3.3 Block transforms and
Page 123 and 124: 98 Chapter 3 encoders only create I
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Page 131 and 132: 106 The hierarchical structure of M
Page 133 and 134: 108 The DTS Coherent Acoustics form
Page 135 and 136: 110 Chapter 3 many things, most of
Page 137 and 138: 112 Chapter 3 which ones are worth
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Page 141 and 142: 116 Figure 3.9 TV shape versus movi
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Page 147 and 148: 122 Figure 3.17a-o Aspect ratios, c
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Page 151 and 152: 126 Figure 3.19 Expand (theater) mo
Page 153 and 154: 128 Figure 3.20 Opening the frame f
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Page 157 and 158: 132 The Transfer Tango Chapter 3 Of
Page 159 and 160: 134 TABLE 3.2 Combinations of Outpu
Page 161 and 162: 136 Figure 3.24 Interlaced scan and
Page 163 and 164: 138 called 3—2 pushup). There are
Page 165 and 166: 140 Figure 3.27 Bob Chapter 3 also
Page 167 and 168: 142 Chapter 3 artifacts than with i
Page 169 and 170: 144 Introduction This chapter deals
Page 171 and 172: 146 will have mostly merged with DV
Page 173 and 174: 148 TABLE 4.2 DVD Specification Tim
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152 TABLE 4.4 Cont. Examples of Com
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154 New Wine in Old Bottles: DVD on
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TABLE 4.5 DVD Multi Compatibility D
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158 Chapter 4 The following section
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160 Most DVD players allow the owne
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162 select alternate sequences so t
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164 Customization As mentioned, DVD
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166 dedicated or obsessed professio
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168 Myth: “DVD Is a Worldwide Sta
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170 Myth: “DVD Is Better Because
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172 Myth: “Compression Does Not W
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174 Myth: “The Audio Level from D
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176 to music channels such as MTV w
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178 Chapter 4 The probable genesis
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180 Figure 4.3 Number squares Chapt
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182 Figure 4.4 DVD layers Chapter 4
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184 TABLE 4.7 Physical Format Varia
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186 TABLE 4.8 DVD Hybrids Chapter 4
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188 Figure 4.6 Map of DVD regions.
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190 producers will play fine in the
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192 Chapter 4 back encrypted conten
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194 Chapter 4 DVD-Audio content may
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196 Chapter 4 Computer video cards
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198 Chapter 4 48 kHz sampling frequ
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200 Chapter 4 IBM, and NEC. The res
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202 Figure 4.8 Scope of copy protec
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204 playback device that is sanctio
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206 TABLE 4.10 DVD Patent Licensing
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208 royalties also may be owed to D
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212 Introduction Chapter 5 This cha
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214 TABLE 5.1 cont. Physical Charac
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216 Figure 5.2 Mastering and stampi
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218 2. Two layers on one side a. St
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220 Figure 5.4 Burst cutting area B
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222 Chapter 5 DVDs are quite stable
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224 TABLE 5.3 Compatibility of Writ
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226 Chapter 5 Since sectors are alr
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228 and the land area. DVD-RW capac
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230 Chapter 5 DVD-RAM is the best s
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232 Figure 5.6 DVD cartridges DVD+R
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234 Figure 5.7 Phase-change recordi
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236 TABLE 5.6 Comparison of Physica
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238 TABLE 5.7 Data Storage Characte
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240 Figure 5.9 ECC block and record
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242 units from an ECC block. This p
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244 Figure 5.13 Recording data stru
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246 TABLE 5.8 cont. Contents of Lea
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250 Introduction Chapter 6 The DVD-
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252 TABLE 6.1 Stream Data Rates Fig
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254 Figure 6.3 Data rate versus pla
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256 Figure 6.4 DVD-Video and DVD- A
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258 Figure 6.6 DVD-Video player blo
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260 directional arrow keys for sele
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262 Figure 6.9 DVD-Video physical d
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264 Figure 6.13 Cell structure Figu
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266 Figure 6.15 Pack structure Figu
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268 TABLE 6.9 Spaces Space Scope Nu
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270 Figure 6.17 Presentation data s
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272 Figure 6.20 Title structures Fi
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274 Figure 6.23 Navigation data str
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276 TABLE 6.12 Search Types Chapter
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278 TABLE 6.13 cont. Navigation Com
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280 TABLE 6.15 Player System Parame
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282 domains with related navigation
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284 Buttons Chapter 6 Information t
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286 Stills are a handy way to show
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288 TABLE 6.18 User Operation Contr
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290 TABLE 6.20 Differences between
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292 Chapter 6 Scanning and Frame Ra
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294 TABLE 6.22 DVD-Video Pixel Aspe
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296 TABLE 6.24 Widescreen Signaling
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298 Figure 6.27 Weighted pan and sc
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300 Figure 6.29 Video block diagram
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302 TABLE 6.28 Dolby Digital Audio
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304 TABLE 6.29 MPEG Audio Details S
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306 TABLE 6.32 DTS Audio Details Ch
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308 Figure 6.30 Dolby Digital audio
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310 Figure 6.32 Subpicture unit str
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312 Figure 6.33 Examples of camera
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314 Figure 6.34 Example of seamless
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316 Figure 6.35 DVD text data examp
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318 TABLE 6.37 cont. DVD Text Data
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320 TABLE 6.38 Comparison of Audio
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322 Figure 6.36 DVD-Audio logical s
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324 Navigation Because DVD-Audio-on
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326 TABLE 6.42 DVD-Audio Playing Ti
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328 Downmixing DVD-Audio includes s
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330 the standard 1.2mm distance fro
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332 DVD-AR The DVD Audio Recording
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336 Introduction DVD-ROM is a well-
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338 Chapter 7 by 18 percent. Regard
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340 countries using the PAL or simi
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342 Playback Incompatibilities Chap
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344 the soundtrack across jumps, su
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346 Deficient Pan and Scan DVD uses
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348 screens one at a time. Finally,
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350 improve, but many applications
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352 Chapter 7 consumer electronics,
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354 Introduction This chapter compa
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356 TABLE 8.1 Laserdisc and DVD-Vid
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358 Chapter 8 even though it is hea
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360 Laserdiscs have one advantage o
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362 TABLE 8.2 VHS and DVD- Video Sp
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364 provide better-than-CD audio. T
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366 Chapter 8 Digital Videotape (DV
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368 TABLE 8.3 cont. DV and DVD-Vide
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370 Advantages of DV over DVD-Video
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372 TABLE 8.4 Audio CD and DVD-Vide
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374 Advantages of Audio CD over DVD
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376 Chapter 8 so quickly after firs
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378 mark checking), added complexit
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380 TABLE 8.6 cont. Video CD, Super
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382 5.1-channel surround sound in D
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384 Recording Standards in Septembe
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386 Compatibility of CD-R and DVD A
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388 been added to the catalog since
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390 Advantages of MiniDisc over DVD
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392 to heat damage. DVD error corre
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394 Support. MO technology is suppo
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396 Introduction The primary focus
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398 Table 9.1 cont. Checklist of Pl
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400 ■ Six-channel analog surround
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402 Figure 9.6 IEEE 1394 connector
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404 Chapter 9 receiver or as a sepa
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406 Chapter 9 audio output from the
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408 A Bit About Bass Chapter 9 The
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410 Chapter 9 Two versions of compo
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412 How to Get the Best Picture and
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414 THX Certification Lucasfilm THX
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416 preserved along with the artist
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418 Care and Feeding of Discs Since
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420 To Buy or Not to Buy This secti
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422 ■ Compatibility with the futu
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424 player, you may want to pop the
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426 Chapter 9 2g. You ought to get
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428 Chapter 9 5a. Do you buy used v
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430 14. Does your VCR ever eat tape
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432 Introduction The effectiveness
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434 did to the print industry. Vide
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436 ■ Ambient video and music ■
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438 Product catalogs with thousands
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440 DVD-Video works so well for cer
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442 Chapter 10 Documentaries, histo
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444 Introduction The wall dividing
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446 compatibility and interoperabil
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448 device. It can be considered si
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450 TABLE 11.2 DVD ATAPI/SCSI Inter
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452 Mac OS Almost any Macintosh com
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454 approach is to use the minimum
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456 Chapter 11 essential. Some oper
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458 Chapter 11 hardware abstraction
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460 on). On modern graphics cards w
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462 databases of supplemental infor
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464 Chapter 11 does not use anythin
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466 Chapter 11 in the drive), and f
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468 Chapter 11 organize and present
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470 Chapter 11 The continuum of Web
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472 Chapter 11 children to grandmot
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474 Chapter 11 Making and Accessing
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476 Chapter 11 In this example, an
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478 Point presentations, PCFriendly
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480 Large libraries of video that c
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482 Chapter 11 and in the control a
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484 Chapter 11 independent. The dec
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486 They are responsible for mainta
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488 Content Protection for Prerecor
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490 reads the media key block from
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492 Chapter 11 up to five times. Af
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494 Introduction Chapter 12 This ch
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496 TABLE 12.1 Project examples Pro
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498 Chapter 12 goes wrong. On the d
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500 ■ An audio compressionist mus
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502 have tools for testing and may
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504 Regardless of the number of reg
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506 Project Design Chapter 12 The p
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508 ments provide a roadmap to be u
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510 Figure 12.2 Menu subpicture hig
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512 ■ Buttons are subpictures, an
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514 Always enable navigation with o
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516 Figure 12.5 Data rate vs. capac
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518 age data rate (in Mbps). Adjust
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520 Chapter 12 quality conversion i
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522 If at all possible, do not use
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524 Chapter 12 with a proper 5.1 mi
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526 Chapter 12 Subpictures for Anam
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528 Chapter 12 don’t mesh in NTSC
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530 Figure 12.6 Video safe areas Ch
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532 TABLE 12.6 Video graphics check
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534 usually turn around and write t
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536 Chapter 12 integrity. Be carefu
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538 Figure 12.7 Standard package ic
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540 ■ Entry points (chapters, pro
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542 billions of bytes and gigabytes
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546 Introduction Chapter 13 In the
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548 Figure 13.1 Consumer electronic
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550 Chapter 13 Total consumer elect
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552 New Generations of DVD The deve
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554 Chapter 13 are still under deve
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556 display. Video edition applicat
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558 None of these, however, is the
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560 high-priced specialty items, wh
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562 Chapter 13 most quality into th
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564 Figure 13.3 Media convergence i
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566 Chapter 13 poor picture quality
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570 Figure A.3 Data rate versus cap
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572 TABLE A.2 DVD Capacities Sides/
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574 TABLE A.3 Playing Times for Var
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576 TABLE A.5 Stream Data Rates TAB
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578 TABLE A.7 DVD and CD Characteri
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580 TABLE A.8 Comparison of MMCD, S
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582 TABLE A.11 DVD-Video Logical Un
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584 TABLE A.15 PCM Audio Details TA
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586 TABLE A.18 cont. Player System
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588 TABLE A.19 Video resolution VHS
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590 TABLE A.20 Resolution Compariso
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592 TABLE A.22 Player and Media Com
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594 TABLE A.24 ISO 639 Language Cod
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596 TABLE A.24 cont. ISO 639 Langua
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602 TABLE A.25 cont. ISO 3116 Count
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612 and file structure of write-onc
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614 Digital audio interface: —IEC
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616 Watkinson, John. The Art of Dig
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618 Patent Licensing (Dolby Digital
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620 Dataquest Market research www.d
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622 Magazines Digital Video Magazin
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624 European Computer Manufacturers
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626 Electronic Industries Associati
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628 Glossary 480i 480 lines of inte
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630 Glossary ATAPI Advanced Technol
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632 Glossary and they do not propag
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634 Glossary mines if the other sid
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636 Glossary pression removes only
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638 Glossary delta picture (or delt
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640 Glossary DTS Digital Theater So
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642 Glossary nal film. Enhancement,
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644 Glossary frame The piece of a v
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646 Glossary IDTV Improved-definiti
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648 Glossary kilobyte 1,024 (210 )
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650 Glossary linear luminance. The
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652 Glossary mother The metal discs
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654 Glossary also used in Canada, J
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656 Glossary PES Packetized element
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658 Glossary quantize To convert a
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660 Glossary RSDL Reverse-spiral du
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662 Glossary channels of embedded d
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664 Glossary SXGA A video graphics
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666 Glossary user data The data rec
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668 Glossary Yellow Book The docume
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670 application types, 460-461 appl
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672 capacity, 45, 433 audio, 373 CA
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674 computers applications, 444, 45
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676 Divx;-), 71 DMA (Direct Memory
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678 inverse telecine, 137 stills, 4
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680 mattes, 118 progressive scannin
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682 M Mac OS systems, 452 macrobloc
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684 discs, 557 frequency bands, 104
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686 aspect ratios, 129 line multipl
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688 software certification via THX,
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690 V VBR (variable bit rate), 98,
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