WEB STANDARDS CREATIVITY

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Figure 7-5. Fixed-width layout: Horizontal scrolling is necessary if the browser window gets too small. Figure 7-6. Elastic layout, expanded and contracted: The line length maintains the desired proportions when the browser window is expanded (left), but also contracts with the window to avoid horizontal scrolling (right). chapter 7 Bridging the Type Divide: Classic Typography with CSS 163
164 The almighty em An elastic layout’s secret weapon is the em. In both the print and web worlds, an em is a square of a typeface size, based on either the width of its widest character or the distance from the bottom of its lowest descender (such as the stem of a lowercase p) to the top of its highest ascender (such as the stem of a lowercase b) or diacritical mark (Figure 7-7). In CSS, an em is based on the font-size of the parent element. Thus, if I specify the width of my layout in ems, it will expand and contract as the text is resized, maintaining the proportion between the text size and the length of the line, thereby keeping my 66-character line intact. Figure 7-7. A Georgia em The elasticity of my layout will be suitable for most desktop browser resolutions, but I still want its intended proportions (Figure 7-8) to sit comfortably in an 800✕600 browser window, so a native page width of 740px is prudent. In order to specify that width in ems, I’ll have to do some math. 25% 50% 25% Figure 7-8. Approximate layout proportions My main content area (#main) needs to have a 66-character width, which also needs to be about 50% of the layout’s full width (#wrap). If I set a block of Georgia text with a width specified in ems, count the characters (including spaces) in a few lines, and divide the average of those lines by the width of the text block, I’ll discover that Georgia averages about 2.2 characters to an em. Therefore, a 66-character measure would be 30em, which would make #wrap 60em. If I divide 740px by 60, I get 12.3px, and voila! I have a font-size. But there’s a problem. Internet Explorer will not resize text with a font-size specified in pixels. Luckily, modern browsers render font-size keywords pretty consistently, and I know that font-size: small resolves to about 13px. With this figure and a little more math, I can achieve proportions well within the range of my desired results. First, I’ll need to recalculate #wrap’s width, since it is based on my font-size, which is now a bit larger. If I divide 740px by 13px, #wrap’s new width (rounded up) is 57em. To maintain my 66-character line, #main’s width will remain 30em, which is 53% (again, rounded up) of #wrap’s width. Finally, accounting for 2% margins for each column will yield the proportions shown in Figure 7-9.
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CAMERON ADAMS ~ MARK BOULTON ~ ANDY
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Web Standards Creativity: Innovatio
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Contents About the Technical Review
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PART 2: EFFECTIVE PRINT TECHNIQUES
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About the Technical Reviewer Molly
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Mark Boulton I’d like to thank Kh
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Getting Creative with Web Standards
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Figure 5. The Zen Garden is still g
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Layout Magic Welcome to Part 1 of o
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Before starting Erskine Design in 2
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6 Figure 1-2. The completed Dirty P
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Dirty pretty presentation When buil
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Background Next, we apply the main
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Finally, the main content selector
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The markup is as follows. Note that
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Unless you study the end result clo
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Tables Descendant selectors are ess
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These very simple rules, and the fa
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Conclusion Of course, building the
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Dan Rubin spends his days blending
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Figure 2-1. On the left, the origin
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The CMS challenge It doesn’t take
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The next step was spending some tim
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Videos Photos Extras Links Forum St
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Ever find yourself getting lost in
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z-index:100; left:29px; top:39px; m
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By looking at the markup generated
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Creating the illusion of vertical t
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The first argument defines the CSS
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Figure 2-9. Before (right) and afte
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Such a #teaser After styling the #t
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When time is of the essence, hacks
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Ethan Marcotte has been designing a
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Getting started The article templat
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Structuring the CSS Looking above t
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Adding a layer of style OK, enough
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A quick preview of our code at this
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For our narrow, 190-pixel-wide righ
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Strictly speaking, these class name
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Our column’s “background” wil
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Figure 3-14. The exact same templat
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Figure 3-17. The anatomy of our nar
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So there we have it: a single class
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Figure 3-21. The text size can be i
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anchor.setAttribute("href", "javasc
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78 4 Designing for Outside the Box
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80 Worries? “Oh baby, what’s th
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82 Stop worrying, start with markup
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84 A third-level heading proudly an
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86 Adding divisions from the conten
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88 With the elements and appropriat
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90 Styling WorrySome.net Whereas ma
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92 Take a peek at how your design i
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94 The final result of your column-
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96 Each of the paragraphs of introd
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98 While floats and image replaceme
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100 Well, maybe you’re not quite
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102 This will be followed by a spec
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104 The result of this is that your
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106 We'll give you another look at
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108 5 Creative Use of PNG Transpare
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110 PNG, GIF, and JPEG The PNG imag
Page 129 and 130: 112 The image that needs to work on
Page 131 and 132: 114 Wilson includes his transparent
Page 133 and 134: 116 Now I’ll create a 1-by-1-pixe
Page 135 and 136: 118 In another creative example, de
Page 137 and 138: 120 A bit of CSS is then used t
Page 139 and 140: 122 And then the CSS: a.photo-conta
Page 141 and 142: 124 I’ve specified #cc0000
Page 143 and 144: 126 However, I’ve reversed their
Page 145 and 146: 128 var div = document.createElemen
Page 147 and 148: 130 6 Grid Design for the Web mark
Page 149 and 150: 132 What is a grid system? A grid s
Page 151 and 152: 134 Ratios and the canvas Ratios ar
Page 153 and 154: 136 Beginning with the pen I like t
Page 155 and 156: 138 Designing the columns The wiref
Page 157 and 158: 140 This makes 1em roughly 10px (16
Page 159 and 160: 142 The masthead includes several i
Page 161 and 162: 144 Building the CSS I’m at the s
Page 163 and 164: 146 Setting the width of the column
Page 165 and 166: 148 Figure 6-16 shows the masthead
Page 167 and 168: 150 It’s starting to look like a
Page 169 and 170: 152 Issues with the design The proj
Page 171: 154 Figure 6-20. The new WRC shares
Page 174 and 175: Rob Weychert is a graphic designer,
Page 176 and 177: The process Figure 7-1. Times New R
Page 178 and 179: Here is a simplified version of the
Page 182 and 183: Translation Figure 7-9. Final layou
Page 184 and 185: With just three short paragraphs to
Page 186 and 187: Figure 7-12. A cohesive text block
Page 188 and 189: As another elegant piece of insuran
Page 190 and 191: Image replacement But I’m still n
Page 192 and 193: All caps I am quite pleased with my
Page 194 and 195: Small caps There is one more typogr
Page 196 and 197: Figure 7-24. The effort was all wor
Page 198 and 199: DOM Scripting Gems What book on web
Page 200 and 201: Ian Lloyd runs Accessify.com, a sit
Page 202 and 203: Preparing the foundations With a cl
Page 204 and 205: Identifying the sections The basic
Page 206 and 207: The addEvent function primes the we
Page 208 and 209: That’s our AddEvent part, mention
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Page 212 and 213: It is generally considered bad prac
Page 214 and 215: hide the sections from printout el[
Page 216 and 217: The following is the code required
Page 218 and 219: Sliding in the code In the proof-of
Page 220 and 221: For the purposes of building on the
Page 222 and 223: Never mind all that—what about sa
Page 225 and 226: 208 9 Creating Dynamic Interfaces U
Page 227 and 228: 210 Different layouts for different
Page 229 and 230: 212 Figure 9-1. The UX Magazine web
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214 Figure 9-3. The White Pages web
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216 Browser size, not resolution Al
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218 There are two major changes bet
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220 return document.documentElement
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222 } else if (typeof target.attach
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224 Figure 9-7 shows the default vi
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226 The markup The high-level struc
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228 if (typeof event.stopPropagatio
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230 Styling with CSS Now that we’
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232 event = window.event; } if (typ
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234 function getPosition(theElement
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236 document.getElementsByTagName("
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238 ghostMarker.marked.appendChild(
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240 Keeping track of changes The te
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10 242 Accessible Sliding Navigatio
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244 The killer feature Admit it. Yo
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246 Accessibility and JavaScript Fo
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248 After the main link is clicked,
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250 Switching between CSS states wi
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252 Adding sliding behaviors Now th
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254 // set the height to a new valu
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256 When using a screen magnifier,
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258 If the user does repeat the “
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260 There may be unforeseen consequ
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262 Croft, Jeff, 109 CSS (Cascading
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264 max-width, 58, 71 @media print,
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266 websites A List Apart, 134 New
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