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Cadernos Lab. Xeolóxico de Laxe Coruña. 2001. Vol. 26, pp. 359-364 ISSN: 0213-4497 Phylogenetic Problems of the Alpine Cave- Bears Problemas filogenéticos de los Osos de las Cavernas Alpinos A B S T R A C T RABEDER, G. & NAGEL, D. The metric and morphological characteristics of 23 alpine cave bear fauna are been studied and compared with the normal lowland form. The phylogenetic conclusions are drawn: 3 new subspecies? Key words: Alpine cave bears, phylogeny, taxonomy Institute of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, AUSTRIA
360 RABEDER & NAGEL CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) INTRODUCTION Large quantities of fossil teeth and bones have been found in caves throughout Europe. They belong to the so-called cave-bear. These animals probably used caves as hibernation places, which would explain the mass occurrences of skeletal remains. More than 30 cave sites are known in Austria alone and some of these caves are situated at an altitude of 2.000m or more. The rapid evolution from the Middle Pleistocene Deninger bear, U. deningeri, to the more recent cave bear, U. spelaeus, was the central focus of many publications (e.g. EHRENBERG, MOTTL, KUR- TEN, MUSIL, etc.). This evolution from an omnivorous ancestor to a herbivorous cave bear took less than 150.000 years. Radiocarbon and uranium-series dates constrain these palaeontological results. This evolutionary speed is only challenged by micromammals. The high alpine cave bears remains are smaller in size than the comparable ones found in lowland sites. This was the reason that EHRENBERG (1926) addressed them as" high alpine small form" (Schreiberwand-Höhle: 2200m and Salzofen: 2005m), which lead to a controversially discussion. The existence of such a small form was very much doubted by some scientists. They suspected a dominance of females over males in these caves which would give the impression of a "small form" – not a dwarf form! Cave bears had an obvious accentuated sexual dimorphism, in which females were about 15 % smaller than males, based on the comparison of canines. The difference is even less when it comes to body mass. METHOD AND RESULTS The shifting of morphological features during a geological time-period is an evolutionary process. The so-called Morphodynamic method quantifies this process. On the fourth premolar, for example, the increase of cusps per tooth and the enlarging of the occlusal surfaces – suited to grinding functions – is an adaptation to a more herbivorous way of live. The comparison of the evolutionary level of the fourth upper and lower p4 results in a P4/4-Index. In diagrams, the P4/4 –Index versus the standardised dimensions of teeth - e.g. mean value of length of m1 (figure 1) or m3 (figure 2) in percent to Gamssulzen standard (RABEDER, 1999) - results in five units. They are characterised in a provisional taxonomic frame as follows (figure 3): U. deningeri d e n i n g e r o i d e s M O T T L , Repolusthöhle A small form of U. deningeri. The fauna from the Repolust cave is presently determined as "late Middle Pleistocene" because of uncertain Uranium-Thorium data. U. deningeri n.ssp., Conturineshöhle A small high alpine cave bear, combining features from the Deninger bear with typical U. spelaeus characteristics. U. denin - geri features are P3, length of m3, metapodials; U. spelaeus feature is the spelaeoid P4/4-index, higher then in Early Würmian U. spelaeus-faunas. The separation probably occurred during the denin-
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