Ibérica na região de Trás-os-Montes (NE Portugal) - Universidade ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

462 WUNN, I. CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Nothing suggests that the natural process of decay and sedimentation was at any time interrupted or disturbed (WUNN, 1999, S. 6 ff). 5. THE ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALO- GUE Even a detailed discussion of the finds of cave bear bones under an ethnographic point of view leads to the same results (WUNN, 1999: 3 - 23). The careful and critical use of ethnographic analogies, on which the theories of a cave bear cult is founded in the end, just serves to prove the non-existence of Palaeolithic cave bear worship. The East-Asian Ainu, the North- American Ojibwa, the nomadic tribes of Northern Europe and other peoples living in the Arctic region still know the magic of the hunt and especially the cult of the bear. All those hunter-gatherer communities have a complicated religion with detailed ideas about gods and goddesses or the so-called master of the animals, an afterlife, the realm of the dead, or ghosts and spirits. The cult of the bear is not the only sign of the religiosity of Arctic peoples, but is integrated into a complicated symbol system. The bear festival of the Ainu for example starts with the capture of a young bear, which is transported into the village and carefully brought up by the villagers. After a certain period the bear is slaughtered accompanied by complicated rituals and ceremonies. According to Ainu belief the bear is a deity, which visits the realm of man for a certain period. If the deity wants to travel back into his own realm, he has to leave his material body. Therefore the Ainu kill the bear to help the deity to return. The dead bear is showered with gifts and treated with honour. After the ceremonies the skull of the bear is put on a long stick, which is erected at the holy fence of the village. All Arctic people deal similar with the remnants of the dead bear. Only the nomadic tribes of northern Europe carefully bury the skeleton of the killed game. All mentioned hunter- g a t h e r e r communities are not restricted to the cult of the bear, but also know about further rituals in connection to the hunt of other dangerous and important animals. The Ainu for example have similar rituals for the big mammals of the Arctic sea, which belong to their favourite game. In Northern Europe complicated rites concerning reindeer are common. The American Indians’ knowledge covers rituals concerning salmon, which is an important food supply. All those ethnographic examples force the following conclusion: If H. neanderthalensis had known cave bear worship, its traces would have been found inside the settlements. The remains of such a cult would have been the bone deposits of Neanderthal man’s favourite and most dangerous game, among which, however, the bear did not rank. Recent peoples, who know the bear cult, catch or kill a bear in his winter accommodation and bring it to their settlement. There it is killed and eaten by the villagers under different ritual regulations. The bones of the dead game are put into a holy place or are carefully buried near the village, but never brought back again to the bear’s dwelling.
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Cave bear worship in the Palaeolithic 463 REFERENCES EDSMAN, C.-M. (1957). Bärenfest, Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart Bd. I, 3 rd edition, eds. Campenhausen, Hans Frh. von, Erich Dinkler, Gerhard Gloege & Knut Logstrup, Tübingen, 841 pp. H A RT M A N N, F. (1957). Anthropologie I, Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3 rd edition, eds. Campenhausen, Hans Frh. von, Erich Dinkler, Gerhard Gloege & Knut Logstrup Tübingen, 403 pp. HEILER, F. (1979). Erscheinungsformen und Wesen der Religion, Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln, Mainz. HENKE, W. & HART M U T, R. (1994). Paläoanthropologie, Heidelberg. HENKE W. & HART M U T, R. (1999). Stammesgeschichte des Menschen, Berlin and others. H U LT K R A N T Z, Å. (1998). Arktische Religion, Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4 th edition vol. 1, eds. Betz, Hans-Dieter, Don S. Browning, Bernd Janowski & Eberhard Jüngel, Tübingen, pp. 746-752. LASCU, C.; FLORIAN, B.; MIHAI, G. & SERBAN, S.(1996). A Mousterian Cave Bear Worship Site in Transylvania, Roumania, Journal of Prehistoric Religion, Jonsered, pp. 17- 30. LEROI-GOURHAN, A. (1981). Die Religionen der Vorgeschichte, Frankfurt/Main. MARINGER, J. (1956). Vorgeschichtliche Religion, Zürich, Köln. MAY, F. (1986). Les Sepultures Préhistoriques, Paris. MITHEN, S. (1996). The Prehistory of the Mind. The Cognitive Origins of Art and Science, London. NARR, K. (1957). Deutschland in Ur- und frühges - chichtlicher Zeit, Konstanz. P E T E R - R Ö C H E R, H. (1998). M y t h o s Menschenfresser, München. R E Y N O L D S, T. (1990). The Middle-Upper Palaeolithic Transition in Southwestern France: Interpreting the Lithic Evidence, The Emergence of Modern Humans, ed. Paul Mellars, Edinburgh, pp. 262-302. U L L R I C H, H. (1978). Kannibalismus und Leichenzerstückelung beim Neandertaler von Krapina, Krapinski Pracovjek i Evolucija Hominida, Zagreb, pp. 293-318. W I ß M A N N, H. (1980). Bestattung I. Religionsgeschichtlich, Theologische Realenzyklopädie Bd. 5, ed. Krause, Gerhard und Gerhard Müller, Berlin, New York, 730 pp. WUNN, I. (1999). Bärenkult in urgeschichtlicher Zeit. Zur religiösen Deutung mittelpaläolithischer Bärenfossilien, Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft, 7: 3-23.
Page 11 and 12:
Cadernos Lab. Xeolóxico de Laxe Co
Page 13 and 14:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Aná
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
102 TWIDALE, C. R. CAD. LAB. XEOL.
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
124 COKE et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAX
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
158 MENDIA et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL. L
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
182 THONON & CACHEIRO POSE CAD. LAB
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
192 CACHEIRO POSE et al. CAD. LAB.
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
212 BENITO et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL. L
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
222 VIDAL VÁZQUEZ et al. CAD. LAB.
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
232 LÓPEZ PERIAGO et al. CAD. LAB.
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
244 ULLOA GUITIÁN et al. CAD. LAB.
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
256 MORALES et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL.
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Adub
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
282 VILA TABOADA et al. CAD. LAB. X
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
290 WEINSTOCK, J. CAD. LAB. XEOL. L
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) New
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Foss
Page 311 and 312:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Foss
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Arch
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
328 CREGUT & FOSSE CAD. LAB. XEOL.
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
342 ARGANT, A. CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
350 VILA TABOADA & GRANDAL d’ANGL
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
360 RABEDER & NAGEL CAD. LAB. XEOL.
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
366 WITHALM, G. CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAX
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Plei
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) A re
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402: 408 MAROTO et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL. L
Page 409 and 410: 416 LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ & GRANDAL d’
Page 417 and 418: 424 PINTO & ANDREWS CAD. LAB. XEOL.
Page 423 and 424: Cadernos Lab. Xeolóxico de Laxe Co
Page 425 and 426: CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Cave
Page 433 and 434: 442 TSOUKALA et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL.
Page 439 and 440: 448 WAGNER, J. CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE
Page 451: CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Cave
Page 455 and 456: 466 PINTO & ETXEBARRÍA CAD. LAB. X
Page 469 and 470: CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) The
Page 471 and 472: CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) The
Page 475 and 476: CAD. LAB. XEOL. LAXE 26 (2001) Prel
Page 485 and 486: 498 TREMUL et al. CAD. LAB. XEOL. L
Page 491 and 492: 504 TREMUL & CALLIGARIS CAD. LAB. X
Page 493 and 494: 506 TREMUL & CALLIGARIS CAD. LAB. X
show all

Ibérica na região de Trás-os-Montes (NE Portugal) - Universidade ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?