50 - Alta Valle del Volturno PIZZONE Spina (frazione abbandonata sull'altopiano La Spina), Licenoso e Tenzenusu, questi ultimi a confine tra Cerro e Acquaviva. L'ultimo contratto <strong>di</strong> CASTELNUOVO AL VOLTURNO fondazione è datato 1066 ed è riferito al castrum ad <strong>San</strong>cta Maria, il cui territorio corrisponde alla attuale <strong>San</strong>ta Maria Oliveto. Anche <strong>Castel</strong>nuovo al <strong>Il</strong> territorio prospicente l’Abbazia <strong>di</strong> S. <strong>Vincenzo</strong> al Volturno. (Disegno <strong>di</strong> M. Guglielmelli, 1715) Planimetria del villaggio altome<strong>di</strong>evale <strong>di</strong> Vacchereccia e saggio 1983. (Da R. Hodges) Volturno, comune <strong>di</strong> Rocchetta a Volturno, e Pizzone sono sorti a seguito delle fondazioni <strong>di</strong> <strong>San</strong> <strong>Vincenzo</strong> al Volturno avutesi dopo il X secolo.
ENCASTELLATION <strong>San</strong> <strong>Vincenzo</strong> al Volturno - 51 Upon returning after over thirty years, the abbey changed to an in<strong>di</strong>rect management of their lands in the Valley, <strong>di</strong>vided in <strong>di</strong>fferent areas and subject to encastellation, rented out to families, obliged to found villages and work the land, creating a number of settlements from which the villages in the Volturno Valley and its surroun<strong>di</strong>ngs originate. Encastellation also occurred among large landowners, but while these rented with a vassalic relationship, the monastery developed notarial contracts with a duration of 29 years with rights and obligations undersigned by both parts and time limits for me<strong>di</strong>um and long-term agricultural transformations. In some villages founded by <strong>San</strong> <strong>Vincenzo</strong>'s monks, the church is still surrounded by the renters' houses. In 945, on the calcareous cliff that dominates the Abbey, the castrum <strong>San</strong>nie was founded, correspondent to today's <strong>Castel</strong>lone. On a small hill in the actual territory of Montaquila, in the locality Colle <strong>Castel</strong>lano, between 962 and 965 AD, the village of Olivella was founded, an open settlement, today abandoned. Ad<strong>di</strong>tionally, in 962 AD, close to the Mainarde mountains' first spurs, there was another foundation in today's Cerasuolo Vecchio, part of the town of Filignano. In 972 AD, twenty-two men come from Marsica, Valva and Teano were asked to found the Castle of Vantra, today's Fornelli. In 982 AD four heads of the family were sent to found the castrum Scappeli, today's Scapoli; in 844 AD, in the same territory, the Bene<strong>di</strong>ctines had founded the <strong>San</strong> Pietro d'Itria monastery, today in ruins. In 985, upon the ruins of the Roman settlement of Bactària, the abbots founded the village of Vacchereccia or Baccaricia, in the territory of today's Rocchetta a Volturno. The Bene<strong>di</strong>ctine colonization is demonstrated here by the presence of the rupestrian church of <strong>San</strong>ta Maria delle Grotte, with valuable frescoes from the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries. The following empheteutic contract, dated 988 AD, refers to Colli <strong>San</strong>cti Angeli, Colli a Volturno. In this territory there was already a previous nucleus founded in 972 AD, named <strong>San</strong>t'Angelo. In 989 AD fifteen families, coming from Corniliano, near Teano, and one family de loco nostro were called upon to build and inhabit the castle in loco ubi <strong>di</strong>citur ad Cerrum, today's Cerro al Volturno. Between 1011 and 1053 AD, in the eastern part of the area, other fortified villages were founded, inclu<strong>di</strong>ng Foruli, today's Forli del <strong>San</strong>nio, Alfedena, Montenero, Malacclocaria (an abandoned settlement), Rionero, Acquaviva, Spina (an abandoned hamlet on the La Spina upland plain), Colle Stephanus, Licenoso and Tenzenusu, the last found between Cerro and Acquaviva. The last empheteutic contract, dated 1006 AD, refers to Castrum ad <strong>San</strong>cta Maria, the area which corresponds to today's <strong>San</strong>ta Maria Oliveto. Even <strong>Castel</strong>nuovo al Volturno, part of the town Rocchetta a Volturno, was born after <strong>San</strong> <strong>Vincenzo</strong> al Volturno's subsequent foundations which occurred around the 10th century. Pizzone's origins can be found in the foundations, due to the efforts of <strong>San</strong> <strong>Vincenzo</strong>'s abbots, which occurred after the 10th century.