ABSTRACTS / RESUMES - Comitato Glaciologico Italiano

The prevailing part of greater forms is created by endogenic
processes. Their ornamentation is mainly controlled by
the different distribution of energy flows in space. A leading
role in various processes of energy exchange is played
by gravitational forces, which regulate the transfer of water
and matter on the continents, in ice sheets and oceans.
On the continents dominate the system of converged and
directed transfer of water and solids. Its two subsystems:
slopes and river channels act in a close cooperation but it
does not means, that they respond simultaneously. Lot of
varieties in the landscape evolution depend on their metachronous
reaction to external factors or intrinsic thresholds.
Observing the landscape evolution through time we conclude,
that the assumption about positive correlation
between the size of forms and the length of their formation
in many cases is not valid. In the tectonically active areas
the large neotectonics horsts and fault-scarps carryon their
backs the assemblages of smaller forms belonging to old,
Tertiary mature landscapes. Over the low resistant rocks it
follows a continuous rejuvenation by badlands or landslides.
The structure-controlled relief may be either the coproduct
of long planation or may develop simultaneously
with the orogenic system, starting with the emerging of
land from the ocean.
The rhytmic climatic fluctuations and tectonic reactivations,
both so typical for the Quaternary, cause the rejuvenation
of inherited relief and create either the sequence of
Piedmonttreppen or policyclic forms. Under such conditions
the exact separation of the role of single cold or
warm stage in the relief may be problematic.
The existing landscape of the earth incorporate the forms
of various size, origin and age. All of them underwent a
continuous adaptation to the new conditions. Among them
the slopes are characterised by the adaptation rate changeable
in space and time, depending on climate and lithology.
On the contrary the fluvial, features, channels and
floodplains are the most unstable components of the runoff-denudation
systems. The microforms on the channel
floor react to every change in the stream pover. The rate
of relief transformation also depends on the relations
between effectiveness of extreme and saecular processes.
In geomorphology we classify processes and forms, we
try to reconstruct the sequence of events and stages of
evolution, we are searching for modern or paleo-analogs.
But not every form follows the commandments of geomorphology.
The nature impose new questions and challenges, leads to
unexpected junctions of factors on small territory as well
as to concentration in a very short time or on the contrary
to almost total omission of some territories by the main
exogenic and endogenic forcing factors during long units
of time. One cataclysmic event may destroy the old construction,
the enclave of senility. This great diversity of the
Earth surface reflects the perpetual spatial and temporal
variations in energy exchange and transfer of matter, in
their acceleration or in delay, in continuous destruction
and creation.
VOLODYMYR V. STETSYUK
Relief as ecological-geomorphological factor:
questions of hierarchy
Faculty of Geography, Kyiv University named after Taras Shevchenko,
str. Vasylkivska 90,252022 Kyiv, Ukraine
Categories of relief, suitable becoming a field of action of
development of unfavourable reliefforming processes in
the conditions of the intensive anthropogenic loading, firstly,
themselves influence on the various components of
the environment, secondly, are surroundings, where go off
various reactions of adaptation on anthropogenic pressure
and changing of other components of environment. In
connection with this; relief and reliefforming processes,
which create it as an ecological factor «surrounding of rise»
diserve consideration as object of ecological-geomorphological
map-making.
That is why, for the principle «from partial to general»,
one can discern such classificational categories of relief.
1. Elementary surfaces type elementary interflews-slopesbottoms)
as elements of limited ways of migration substance
in the process of morphogenes.
2. Morpholitogenetical systems, which reasonable to divide
on: a) genetically homogenous surfaces, created by predominate
reliefforming processes (such happen very rarely,
but must be take into account); b) genetical types of relief
(or composite genetically homogenous surfaces), which
created by complex of genetically similar reliefforming
processes, among which one is the main.
3. Complex genetics systems, among which it is necessary
to "mention: a) nivational geomorphological-climatic systems
.with distinct influence of arctic climats on the processes
of the exogenic reliefforming); b) cryogenic litoclimatic
systems, in which influence of the extremal climatic
situation on reliefforming realize through the specific of
reaction of permafrost; c) fluvial basin systems with predominant
influence of lasting many years balance of
warmth and moisture on reliefforming hydrological factor;
d) glacial paleogeomorphological-climatic systems (complex
of superimposed morphosculptures-witness of influence
of paleoclimate mainly of anthropogenic period; e)
erosion orographic-climatic systems, created by combination
of peculiar climatic situations of the present day steppes
with areas of spreading lightlyeroded loess rocks and
availability of number of hills-Peredkarpatska, Volyno-Podilska,
Serednyoruska (south part), Donetska, Stavropilska,
Ergenei, Pryvolzhska and so on.; f) eolian (arid) litoclimatic
systems, where the role of extremal climatic conditions
express by the forming of the specific wrakege rocks
and in totality with certain processes create composite (or
compount), but genetically homogenous morphosculptures;
g) eluvial rainforest litosystems, where the variety of
different reliefforming processes have general base- powerful
crust of weathering.
4. Morphoclimatic zones of dry lands, that is, prominent
areas of land surface, within the limits of which various eli-
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