Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
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problems 89<br />
blocks, and thermocouple psychrometers are usually installed in the field and<br />
measurements are taken on a regular basis. Neutron probe and time-domain<br />
reflectrometry (TDR) equipment are usually carried <strong>to</strong> the field each time a<br />
measurement is made. In addition, the neutron probe requires an access hole<br />
in<strong>to</strong> which it is lowered <strong>to</strong> determine the of water content. These methods<br />
provide data that are seldom generally used in soil analysis and will not be<br />
discussed further [11–16]. Additional information about these methods can be<br />
found in the text by Brady and Weil [17].<br />
4.14. CONCLUSION<br />
The compounds contained in soil air are basically the same as those in atmospheric<br />
air, but are more variable.Also, the volume of soil occupied by air varies<br />
greatly. Water is a unique molecule in both its physical and chemical characteristics.<br />
It has higher than expected boiling and melting points and can dissolve<br />
a great variety of compounds. In the soil it is even more unique in<br />
that it occurs in the liquid, gaseous, and solid (frozen) states.The water content<br />
of soil is highly variable, ranging from air dry, with as little as 1% water <strong>to</strong><br />
saturated where all void spaces are filled with water. The soil solution<br />
contains many inorganic and organic compounds ions and gases, the concentration<br />
of which changes dramatically when soil water content increases or<br />
decreases.<br />
In the labora<strong>to</strong>ry soil water content is measured by drying in the oven and<br />
with pressure plate apparatus. A number of different field measuring methods<br />
are used mostly <strong>to</strong> determine the amount of water available for plant use.<br />
Drying soil can change the form and species of components present, and for<br />
this reason, most soils are dried carefully at or only slightly above room temperature<br />
before analysis.<br />
PROBLEMS<br />
4.1. Describe the differences between atmospheric air and soil air.<br />
4.2. <strong>Soil</strong> water can be thought of as existing as layers around soil particles.<br />
Explain how these layers are differentiated.<br />
4.3. Explain how pores can affect the composition of both the soil atmosphere<br />
and the soil solution.<br />
4.4. Using equations, illustrate how soil carbon dioxide affects both the pH<br />
of soil and the ions present in the soil solution.<br />
4.5. Give both general and specific examples of how organic compounds can<br />
lead <strong>to</strong> the formation of cation exchange sites in soil.