Introduction to Soil Chemistry

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98 electrical measurements Reference site Reference capillary To pH meter Measuring electrode Saturated KCl AgCl solution* H + sensitive glass bulb Figure 5.4. Typical setup for a combination pH electrode. Note that the saturated KCl/AgCl solution can be different depending on the electrode manufacturer. D C B A proton sensing bulb Figure 5.5. A combination pH electrode is shown (A). The dark-colored tip is the pH sensing glass electrode. The reference electrode is not visible. A reference electrode (B) for ISE measurement along with a nitrate-selective electrode (C) are also shown. Electrode D is used for measuring salt content in aqueous solutions.
potentiometry (electrodes in soil measurements) 99 Figure 5.6. A pH electrode in a soil suspension. The electrode is connected to a computer that shows the readout. on both electrodes and pH meters; thus, when purchasing pH and reference electrodes, one should ensure that they have the correct connectors for the meter being used. Even robust electrodes must be treated with care and kept wet with the appropriate solution as directed by the manufacturer. Regardless of the make, pH meters are usually robust and should need little maintenance, although care should be taken to keep them dry. Although maintenance of pH meters is low, standardization is essential and must be done on a regular bases. The starting point in standardization is to adjust the meter and electrodes using a standard buffer solution of pH 7.00 and adjusting the meter to this pH. The second step is to set a second point, which is in the range of pH levels expected to occur in the measurements.Thus, if the pH values are all expected to be acidic, the second point will commonly be set using a buffer of 4.02; if they are expected to be basic, then a pH 10.00 buffer will be used. If both acidic and basic pH values are likely, the meter can be standardized using all three buffers. Standard buffers can be purchased as already prepared solutions or as powders dissolved in distilled or deionized water. In this latter case the powder is typically dissolved in 100mL of distilled or deionized water for use. Buffers may be color-coded, such as green for pH 7.00, orange for pH 4.02, and blue for pH 10.00. In practice the electrode is first rinsed with distilled water and placed in the pH 7.00 buffer and the meter adjusted to read 7. In some cases the meter will automatically make the adjustment needed. The electrode(s) is (are) rinsed and placed in the second buffer and the meter adjusted. This two-point standardization is usually enough for most soil pH measurements; however, if it is not, the third buffer can be used in the same way.
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Introduction to Soil Chemistry Anal
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A SERIES OF MONOG
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Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & S
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CONTENTS PREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 SOI
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contents ix 4.14. Conclusion 89 Pro
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contents xi CHAPTER 10 SPECIATION 1
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xiv preface Moisture levels can cha
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CHAPTER 1 SOIL BASICS I MACROSCALE
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soil basics i 3 Mollisol Ap 0 - 17.
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soil basic i 5 Spodosol Oi 0 - 2.5
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horizonation 7 or basic.Thus, the t
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horizonation 9 Table 1.2. Major-Min
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peds 11 As would be expected, only
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peds 13 Figure 1.7. Peds isolated f
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P soil color 15 B P = pores B = bri
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soil naming 17 Under most condition
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soil chemistry, analysis, and instr
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ibliography 21 thus increased oxida
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CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS II MICROSCOPI
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O O Si O O d - d H H + d + O soil s
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d - Si O O O Al O O H d+ O O HO OH
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O HO O O O HO O O Si O Al O Si O O
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soil solids 31 the name taken from
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onding considerations 33 The two op
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surface features 35 Because differe
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energy considerations 37 side-by-si
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In Figure 2.5 the path to the right
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H O H H O C Na +- O O H H O H H O H
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eferences 43 2.7. Explain how the r
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CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS III THE BIOLO
Page 65 and 66: animals 47 C Figure 3.2. An ant col
Page 67 and 68: plants 49 Grasses and other similar
Page 69 and 70: plants 51 Rhizosphere Figure 3.4. I
Page 71 and 72: microorganisms 53 Table 3.1. Design
Page 73 and 74: microorganisms 55 microaerophilic,
Page 75 and 76: ioorganic 57 activity may be increa
Page 77 and 78: organic compounds 59 and may contai
Page 79 and 80: organic compounds 61 Table 3.3. Fun
Page 81 and 82: R 2C R organic compounds 63 O C - O
Page 83 and 84: analysis 65 3.7.1. Analysis for Ani
Page 85 and 86: problems 67 oxide by components in
Page 87 and 88: eferences 69 6. Bais HP, Park S-W,
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS IV THE SOIL A
Page 91 and 92: water 73 The soil atmosphere also c
Page 93 and 94: D C water 75 B Figure 4.3. A wide-d
Page 95 and 96: compounds in solution 77 tion is li
Page 97 and 98: + NH4 + NH4 H H O + NH4 H H H + NH
Page 99 and 100: organic ions in solution 81 consequ
Page 101 and 102: distribution between soil solids an
Page 103 and 104: oxidative and reductive reactions i
Page 105 and 106: measuring soil water 87 soil is rep
Page 107 and 108: problems 89 blocks, and thermocoupl
Page 109: eferences 91 8. Bohn HL, McNeal BL,
Page 112 and 113: 94 electrical measurements Figure 5
Page 114 and 115: 96 electrical measurements 1200 100
Page 118 and 119: 100 electrical measurements Standar
Page 120 and 121: 102 Table 5.1. Ion-Selective Electr
Page 122 and 123: 104 electrical measurements In addi
Page 124 and 125: 106 electrical measurements along w
Page 126 and 127: 108 electrical measurements cools w
Page 128 and 129: 110 electrical measurements Science
Page 130 and 131: 112 titrimetric measurement pH 13 1
Page 132 and 133: 114 titrimetric measurement Table 6
Page 134 and 135: 116 titrimetric measurement H 3 O +
Page 136 and 137: 118 titrimetric measurement Because
Page 138 and 139: 120 titrimetric measurement Soil Sa
Page 140 and 141: 122 titrimetric measurement 6.6. NI
Page 142 and 143: 124 titrimetric measurement - + X +
Page 144 and 145: 126 titrimetric measurement REFEREN
Page 146 and 147: 128 extraction Organic compounds, i
Page 148 and 149: 130 extraction 3. What is the distr
Page 150 and 151: 132 extraction All nonaqueous solve
Page 152 and 153: 134 extraction Table 7.2. Character
Page 154 and 155: 136 extraction Figure 7.3. Solution
Page 156 and 157: 138 extraction Figure 7.5. A microw
Page 158 and 159: 140 extraction serious interference
Page 160 and 161: 142 extraction taining one to sever
Page 162 and 163: 144 extraction Cohen DR, Shen XC, D
Page 164 and 165: 146 extraction ultrasound; Applicat
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148 spectroscopy although technical
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150 spectroscopy Incident X-rays q
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152 spectroscopy with cellulose or
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154 spectroscopy extract components
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156 spectroscopy 8.6. ULTRAVIOLET A
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158 spectroscopy placed in the samp
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160 spectroscopy to scratch them. W
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162 spectroscopy Data Concentration
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164 spectroscopy these make analysi
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166 spectroscopy Table 8.1. Importa
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168 spectroscopy nance (NMR) spectr
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170 spectroscopy nitrogen containin
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172 spectroscopy 7. Bernick MB, Get
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CHAPTER 9 CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatogr
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Mobile phase in abaybayby abaybayby
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gas chromatography 179 Figure 9.3.
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gas chromatography 181 Table 9.3. C
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gas chromatography 183 Gas tight sy
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high-performance liquid chromatogra
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thin-layer chromatography 187 They
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alization of components on a thin-l
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conclusion 191 then a pure sample o
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eferences 193 U.S. Environmental Pr
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196 speciation - Al H 2 O K H2O H2O
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198 speciation to consider all poss
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200 speciation many more species th
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202 speciation atomic absorption is
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204 speciation Table 10.2. Common O
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206 speciation reflecting the titra
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208 speciation Some oxyanions are s
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210 speciation 13. Wang J, Ashley K
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212 index Bioreactor, 124 Bioremedi
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214 index Gas chromatograph-mass sp
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216 index Path length, 159 Ped(s),
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218 index TMS, see Tetramethylsilan
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Vol. 34. Neutron Activation Analysi
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Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescen
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