Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
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42 soil basics ii<br />
possible coatings are quite varied. However, three of the most important coatings<br />
with which one should be familiar <strong>to</strong> understand the chemistry of soil are<br />
water, iron oxides, and organic compounds. All soil surfaces will be “contaminated”<br />
with a combination of these three compounds plus others, such as<br />
manganese oxides and elemental carbon, if they are present. Thus the orbitals,<br />
bonding, energy, and other characteristics of these surface coatings will also<br />
come in<strong>to</strong> play when considering their reactivity and extraction of components<br />
from them [17–19].<br />
2.11. CONCLUSIONS<br />
<strong>Soil</strong> inorganic solids are composed of particles of decreasing size from sand <strong>to</strong><br />
clay. The clay fraction is further divided in<strong>to</strong> principally 1:1 and 2:1 clays. The<br />
1:1 clays are typified by kaolinite, which, compared <strong>to</strong> other clays, exhibits<br />
lower activity. The 2:1 clays are typified by fine grained micas that are not<br />
expanding and smectites that are expanding. Clays have high sorptive capacity<br />
and are one source of cation exchange in soils. Bonding of soil components<br />
<strong>to</strong> each other and <strong>to</strong> surfaces involves all the standard types of bonding,<br />
namely, ionic, polar covalent, covalent, hydrogen, polar–polar, and Van der<br />
Waals. Reactions thus involve s, p, d, and sp orbital overlap and ionic and<br />
partial charges such as those involved in hydrogen bonding. These bonding<br />
considerations also involve the common surface features such as surface<br />
oxygens and hydroxy groups along with exposed aluminum and silicon.<br />
Extraction of components from soil therefore involves all types of bonding<br />
along with energy, reaction path, steric, and rate fac<strong>to</strong>rs. Also involved will be<br />
micelle formation along with coatings on all soil surfaces.<br />
PROBLEMS<br />
2.1. Identify the three primary particles in soil and describe the chemical differences<br />
between them.<br />
2.2. Identify the three major types of clays in soils and explain how they<br />
differ chemically.<br />
2.3. Describe the different types of bonding and their primary occurrences<br />
in soil.<br />
2.4. Describe the surface features, with particular reference <strong>to</strong> orbital availability,<br />
involved in surface binding of components in soil.<br />
2.5. In terms of bonding energy, the bonds formed in an exothermic reactions<br />
must be lower than those in the reactants. How is this known?<br />
2.6. Explain how both reaction mechanisms and energy considerations<br />
contribute <strong>to</strong> the abundance of the species of compounds found in<br />
soils.