Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
Introduction to Soil Chemistry
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116 titrimetric measurement<br />
H 3 O + s<br />
O<br />
C<br />
Ca ++<br />
+<br />
H 3 O e<br />
+<br />
H 3 O e<br />
H b<br />
H b<br />
Na +<br />
Na +<br />
H 3 O + e<br />
H 3 O e +<br />
+<br />
H 3 O s<br />
+<br />
H 3 O s<br />
Figure 6.4. An equation showing the equilibrium between bonded pro<strong>to</strong>ns (Hb), exchangeable<br />
pro<strong>to</strong>ns (H3O + e), and soluble pro<strong>to</strong>ns (H3O + s) is given above and illustrated below.<br />
between H 3O + in solution and on exchange sites (Figure 6.4). In addition there<br />
may be a release of weakly held pro<strong>to</strong>ns from either or both inorganic or<br />
organic constituents in soil. It might be envisioned that there is an equilibrium<br />
between all three sources of pro<strong>to</strong>ns and that the decrease is a return <strong>to</strong><br />
reestablishing this equilibrium.<br />
In Figure 6.4 these three sources of pro<strong>to</strong>ns are illustrated and designated<br />
as H 3O + s hydronium ions in solution, H 3O + e hydronium ions on exchange sites<br />
and Hb pro<strong>to</strong>ns bonded <strong>to</strong> some soil constituent by either a covalent or polar<br />
covalent sigma bond. As discussed in previous chapters, measuring soil pH<br />
using a salt solution results in a lower pH being found. Here the cation provided<br />
by the salt replaces pro<strong>to</strong>ns or hydronium ions on exchange sites, and<br />
thus they are in solution and can be measured. When a base such as NaOH is<br />
added <strong>to</strong> soil, the Na + cation will exchange with pro<strong>to</strong>ns or hydronium ions on<br />
exchange sites in a similar manner. In addition, every pro<strong>to</strong>n exposed <strong>to</strong> the<br />
soil solution will have a pK a value and thus be released or bonded depending<br />
on the pH of the solution. What is seen is that as the solution is made, more<br />
basic pro<strong>to</strong>ns from all these various sources are potentially released in<strong>to</strong><br />
solution.<br />
If a slow continuous addition of base is made <strong>to</strong> the same soil used in Figure<br />
6.3, a similar titration curve without the saw<strong>to</strong>oth pattern is seen. Figure 6.5<br />
shows the titration curve obtained by the continuous slow addition of 0.1M<br />
NaOH. Again the curve is not a smooth line, and irregularities found in this<br />
titration are seen in other titrations of this same soil. Note that no distinct<br />
+<br />
H b